Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

joint with dense collagenous ct between bones

Back 1

fibrous joint

Front 2

immoveable joint

Back 2

synarthrosiss

Front 3

some movement at a joint

Back 3

amphiarthrosis

Front 4

joint with cartilage directly between bones

Back 4

cartilagenous joint

Front 5

a cavity between bones, an articular capsule connects the bones around the cavity

Back 5

synovial joint

Front 6

freely moveable joint

Back 6

diarthrosis

Front 7

three structural classifications of articulation

Back 7

fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial

Front 8

three functional classifications of articulation

Back 8

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

Front 9

fibro cartilage ring of a vertebral disc

Back 9

annulus fibrosis

Front 10

putty like, pulpy middle of a vertebral disc

Back 10

nucleus pulposus

Front 11

secretes fluid into the synovial cavity

Back 11

synovial membrane

Front 12

pain in the leg from pressure on the sciatic nerve, located in the back

Back 12

sciatica

Front 13

structural characteristics of a synovial joint 3

Back 13

synovial joint/cavity is present between bones, articular cartilage is on the end of each bone, bones are held together by an "articular capsule"

Front 14

articular capsule has these two parts

Back 14

fibrous capsule of dense collagenous ct, and a synovial membrane lining the inside of the capsule

Front 15

additional structures found in some synovial joints include

Back 15

1 accessory ligaments- acl and collateral in the knee, acc lig.s like those in the shoulder, elbow, hip 2 meniscus or articular discs 3 fluid filled bursa- patella, deltoid

Front 16

inflamed bursa

Back 16

bursitis

Front 17

bone spur

Back 17

osteophyte

Front 18

auto-immune disorder which degrades the synovial membrane, causes swelling, thickens synovial fluid, degrades cartilage, and forms osteophytes

Back 18

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 19

excessive wear breaks down cartilage, leads to excessive pain and swelling, forms osteophytes

Back 19

osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis

Front 20

wedge of fibrocartilage within the synovial cartilage

Back 20

articular disc/meniscus

Front 21

functions of the muscular system 5

Back 21

to produce movement at joints, to maintain posture, to support soft tissues, to produce body heat, controls entrance and exit from digestive and urinary sytems

Front 22

muscle that is primarily responible for a particular action

Back 22

prime mover or agonist

Front 23

secondary muscle that assists agonists in the same type of movement

Back 23

synergist

Front 24

muscle with opposite action of the prime mover

Back 24

antagonist

Front 25

a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the agonist

Back 25

fixator- ie shoulder for the arm

Front 26

a bundle of muscle fibers and their endomysium is known as a

Back 26

fascicle

Front 27

areolar ct around muscle fibers in a fascicle

Back 27

endomysium

Front 28

dense collagenous ct areound each fascicle

Back 28

perimysium

Front 29

hundreds or thousands of fascicles, surrounded by the perimysium, wrapped in the epimysium

Back 29

muscle belly

Front 30

dense collagenous ct around the muscle belly

Back 30

epimysium

Front 31

____ fuse during embryo development to form muscle fiber

Back 31

myoblasts

Front 32

a muscle fiber is a unique cell because it is a _____ and it is ______

Back 32

syncytium, multiucleate

Front 33

the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle fiber

Back 33

sarcolemma

Front 34

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Back 34

sarcoplasm

Front 35

a membrane complex which surrounds each myofibril

Back 35

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 36

each fiber contains hundreds or even thousands of ______

Back 36

myofibrils

Front 37

_____ _____ and _____ _____ wrap around the myofibrils

Back 37

sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules

Front 38

sarcoplasmic reticulum is filled with _____ ions

Back 38

calcium

Front 39

there are thousands of _____ along the length of each myofibril

Back 39

sarcomeres

Front 40

steps of muscular contraction 7

Back 40

1 elec nerve impulse(action potential) travel along motor neuron, 2 release of acetylcholine(act) from neuron to neuromuscular synapse, 3act rec proteins in sarcolemma are stimulated, 4elec impulse(action potential(ap)) travels along sarcolemma and down t tubules into fiber, 5 sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored Ca2 into surrounding sarcoplasm, 6Ca2 triggers sliding myofilaments within all sarcomeres within all myofibrils, 7 fiber contracts pulling on endomysium, pulling on tendons

Front 41

all of the fibers that contract together, controlled by a single neuron

Back 41

motor unit

Front 42

the total number of ___ ____ contracting within a muscle belly determine its strength, or degree of contraction

Back 42

motor units

Front 43

increase in muscle size by increasing the number of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc

Back 43

hypertrophy

Front 44

endomysium is composed of

Back 44

areolar ct

Front 45

perimysium is composed of

Back 45

dense collagenous ct

Front 46

epimysium is composed of

Back 46

dense collagenous ct

Front 47

characteristics of skeletal muscles 7

Back 47

attached to bones, voluntary contraction, fibersformed in embryo by fusion of myoblasts- multinucleate syncytium, fibers very long, large and cylindrical, striated, fibers are isolated from eachother, action potential does not spread to adjacent fibers

Front 48

characteristics of cardiac muscle 7

Back 48

found in heart wall, involuntary contraction, uninucleate and not syncytium, small short and branched, striated, intercalated discs-fibers connect, action potential spread fiber to fiber like a wave

Front 49

characteristics of smooth muscle 7

Back 49

found in walls of hollow organs, involuntary contraction, uninucleate and not syncytium, fibers are small, short, and taper at the ends, non-striated-overlapping thick and thin myofilaments, fibers occur in sheets with connections at sarcolemma, one fiber contracts a wave of contraction spreads across all of the fibers in the group

Front 50

area of connection between two bones

Back 50

articulation

Front 51

specific fibrous connection that holds a tooth in its socket

Back 51

peridontal ligament

Front 52

single example of cartilagenous synarthrosis

Back 52

epiphyseal plate

Front 53

three functions of synovial fluid

Back 53

provides lubrication, nourishes the chondrocytes, an acts as a shock absorber

Front 54

joint where articulating surfaces slide past each other

Back 54

gliding joint

Front 55

movement in the anterior/posterior plane that reduces the angle of articulating elements

Back 55

flexion

Front 56

movement in the anterior/posterior plane increases the angle of articulating elements

Back 56

extension

Front 57

inward movement of the limb

Back 57

medial rotation

Front 58

movement away from the body on the frontal plane

Back 58

abduction

Front 59

movement of the limb toward the body in the frontal plane

Back 59

adduction

Front 60

type of joint that only allows rotation

Back 60

pivot joint

Front 61

joint that provides movement in all combinations of planes, including rotation, such as the shoulder

Back 61

ball and socket

Front 62

joint that allows gliding action over a relatively flat articular surface, such as the clavicle/manubrium

Back 62

gliding or plane joint

Front 63

complex articulation which is concave on one axis and convex on the other, such as the thumb

Back 63

saddle joints

Front 64

an oval articular surface nestles within a depression on the opposing surface, such as the carpals

Back 64

ellipsodal or condylar joints

Front 65

joint that permits angular movement in a single plane, such as the elbow

Back 65

hinge joint

Front 66

the unique dense collagenous ring in the shoulder joint that forms the "socket"

Back 66

glenoid labrum

Front 67

the site within a muscle where communication between a synaptic terminal of a neuron and a muscle fiber occurs

Back 67

neuromuscular synapse

Front 68

deep indentations of the sarcolemma that project inward into the muscle fiber

Back 68

transverse tubules

Front 69

thick myofilaments

Back 69

myosin

Front 70

thin myofilament

Back 70

actin

Front 71

each skeletal muscle contains hundreds to thousands of long cylindrical structures called

Back 71

myofibrils

Front 72

resting tension of muscle fibers

Back 72

muscle tone

Front 73

a globular protein that binds O2 to slow muscle fibers

Back 73

myoglobin

Front 74

four logical groupings of the axial muscles

Back 74

muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, oblique and rectus abdominus, perenium and pelvic diaphragm

Front 75

when a visceral organ protrudes through an opening in the surrounding muscle wall

Back 75

hernia

Front 76

three layers of the heart wall

Back 76

epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium

Front 77

specialized cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells in the heart

Back 77

intercalated discs

Front 78

three veins that deliver blood to the heart

Back 78

inferior and superior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Front 79

plasma protein that includes antibodies

Back 79

globulins

Front 80

most abundant protein in the blood

Back 80

albumins

Front 81

the inherent ability of the heart to generate and conduct impulses in the absence of neural and hormonal stimulation

Back 81

autorhythmicity

Front 82

three layers of a blood vessel wall

Back 82

intima, media, and adventitia

Front 83

small arteries and veins within the walls of larger vessels that allow diffusion between the blood stream and surrounding tissues

Back 83

vasa vasorum

Front 84

thickening and toughening of arterial walls

Back 84

arteriosclerosis

Front 85

capillary with complete epithelial lining and tight junctions

Back 85

continuous capillaries

Front 86

capillaries with "swiss cheese" lining, porous to allow passage of large molecules

Back 86

fenestrated capillaries

Front 87

capillaries with large pores and thin to no basal lamina, to allow slow, extensive exchange

Back 87

sinusoids

Front 88

five components of blood plasma

Back 88

water, nutrients, organic wates, electrolytes, proteins

Front 89

three formed elements found in the blood

Back 89

rbc's, wbc's and platellets

Front 90

plasma protein essential for blood clotting

Back 90

fibrinogen

Front 91

responsible for more than 90 percent of the production of plasma proteins

Back 91

liver

Front 92

platellets are formed here

Back 92

red marrow of the bones

Front 93

three functions of platellets

Back 93

transport chemicals important to the clotting process, formation of a temporary patch in damaged blood vessels, active contraction after clot formation has occured

Front 94

backflow of blood through a heart valve

Back 94

prolapse, heart murmur

Front 95

cusps/valves of the heart are anchored by "cords" called the

Back 95

chordae tendineae

Front 96

the chordae tendineae are anchored to the heart wall by the

Back 96

papillary muscles

Front 97

the two "circuits" of blood flow to and from the heart

Back 97

systemic and pulmonary

Front 98

another name for the bicuspid valve

Back 98

mitral valve

Front 99

two semilunar valves

Back 99

pulmonary and aortic valves

Front 100

narrowing from deposits and/or hardening of the cusps

Back 100

valve stenosis

Front 101

the portion of the pericardium on the surface of the heart

Back 101

visceral pericardium

Front 102

the portion of the pericardium along the inside of the sac

Back 102

parietal pericardium

Front 103

lines the inside of the heart chambers, itis composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar ct

Back 103

endocardium

Front 104

is the thick middle region of the cardiac muscle tissue

Back 104

myocardium

Front 105

is the outer layer of the heart wall composed of areolar ct and simple squamous epithelium

Back 105

epicardium or visceral pericardium

Front 106

the outer layer of the pericardial sac, dense collagenous ct

Back 106

fibrous pericardium

Front 107

the pacesetter of the heart

Back 107

the sinoatrial node (sa node)

Front 108

the action potential in the heart starts at the sa node, and travels down the ____ ____ across the atria fibers

Back 108

intermedial pathway

Front 109

the node of the heart which seperates the atrium and ventricles, carries the action potential after a temporary delay

Back 109

atrioventricular node (av node)

Front 110

action potential leaves the av node, and travel down these conducting fibers before reaching the purkinje fibers

Back 110

bundle of His

Front 111

these conducting fibers carry the action potential from the bundle of His across the ventricles

Back 111

Purkinje fibers

Front 112

a blockage in the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits on and in the vessel walls

Back 112

atherosclerosis

Front 113

the middle/open space in a blood vessel

Back 113

lumen

Front 114

reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscles

Back 114

coronary ischemia

Front 115

cardiac muscle fibers whichconduct an action potential and contract

Back 115

contracting fibers

Front 116

cardiac muscle fibers which start their own action potential, generally do not have the ability to contract

Back 116

pacesetter fibers

Front 117

cardiac muscle fibers which do conduct action potential but do not contract

Back 117

conducting fibers

Front 118

severe dysfunction in the conduction system of the heart is known as

Back 118

cardiac arrest

Front 119

a picture of the electrical events through the heart conduction system

Back 119

ECG or EKG, electrocardiogram

Front 120

chest pain resulting from ischemia

Back 120

angina

Front 121

death of cardiac muscle cells due to lack of blood flow(o2 starvation)

Back 121

myocardial infarction

Front 122

insertion of a stent as a treatment for atherosclerosis

Back 122

balloon angioplasty

Front 123

band between space of thin filaments in a sarcomere

Back 123

H band

Front 124

band between thick filaments of a relaxed sarcomere, containing the titin

Back 124

I band

Front 125

the length of the thick filament is represented by the _ band in a sarcomere

Back 125

A

Front 126

exchanged between the cardiovascular system and a typical body cell

Back 126

O2, Nutrients, Glucose, Amino Acids
CO2, and Organic Waste

Front 127

exchanged between the cardiovascular system and respiratory system

Back 127

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 128

exchanged between the cardiovascular system and the digestive system

Back 128

nutrient molecules, water, ions, electrolytes
large food items and water in, feces/undigested stuff out

Front 129

exchanged between cardiovascular system and urinary system

Back 129

excess water and ions, organic waste out