Chapter 18

Front 1

urination

Back 1

micturition

Front 2

fibrous capsule

Back 2

covers kidney

Front 3

hilum

Back 3

exit for ureter

Front 4

medulla

Back 4

renal pyramids

Front 5

nephrons

Back 5

site of urine production

Front 6

renal corpuscle

Back 6

contains glomerulus

Front 7

external urethral sphincter

Back 7

voluntary control

Front 8

internal urethral sphincter

Back 8

involuntary contron

Front 9

aldosterone

Back 9

accelerated sodium reabsorption

Front 10

podocytes

Back 10

filtration slits

Front 11

efferent arteriole

Back 11

blood leaves glomerulus

Front 12

afferent arteriole

Back 12

blood to glomerulus

Front 13

vasa recta

Back 13

capillaries around nephron loop

Front 14

ADH

Back 14

causes sensation of thirst

Front 15

ECF

Back 15

interstitial fluid

Front 16

sodium

Back 16

dominant cation in ECF

Front 17

potassium

Back 17

dominant cation in ICF

Front 18

The filtrate leaving the glomerular capsule empties into the

Back 18

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 19

The distal concoluted tubule is an important site for

Back 19

selection reabsorption of sodium ions from th etubular fluid

Front 20

The endocrine structure that secretes renin and erythropoietin is teh

Back 20

vasa recta

Front 21

The primary purpose of the collecting system is to

Back 21

make final adjustments to teh osmotic concentration and volume of urine

Front 22

A person is in fluid balance when

Back 22

the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the enviornment

Front 23

The primary components of the extracellular fluid are

Back 23

interstitial fluid and plasma

Front 24

All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes

Back 24

in the ECF

Front 25

The most common problem with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

Back 25

sodium ions

Front 26

What is the primary function of the urinary system

Back 26

to perfom vital excretory function and eliminate organic waste products generated by cells throughout the body

Front 27

What are the structural components fo the urinary system

Back 27

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 28

what are fluid shifts? What is their function,and what factors can cause them

Back 28

water movements between the ECF and ICF taht occur in response to changes in osmotic concentration of the ECF. Cause include water loss, water gain, and changes in electrolyte concentrations

Front 29

What three major hormones mediate major physiological adjustments that afffect fluid and electrolyte balance? What are the primary effect of each hormone?

Back 29

1) ADH stimulates thirst center and water conservation at the kidneys 2) Aldosterons determines rate of Na absorption along the DCT adn collecting system 3) ANP reduces thirst and blocks the release of ADH adn aldosterone

Front 30

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

Back 30

adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine, releasing erythropoietin, releasing renin

Front 31

The balance of solute and water reabsorption in the renal medulla is maintained by the

Back 31

vasa recta

Front 32

The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will

Back 32

conserve sodium ions

Front 33

When pure water is consumed,

Back 33

the ECF becomes hypotonic with respect to the ICF

Front 34

Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration alteres pH by

Back 34

lowering or raising the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Front 35

What interacting controls stabilize the glomular filtration rate

Back 35

autoregulation at the local level, hormonal requlation iniated by the kidneys, and autonomic regualation

Front 36

describe the micturition reflex

Back 36

begins when bladder has 200mL urine, Streatch receptors provide stimulation to parasympathetic motor neruons. generate action potentials in the smooth muscle of in the bladder wall, producing a sustainged contractionof the urinary bladder. Voluntary relazation relaxes the involuntary internal sphincter muscle allowing urine to pass through the urethra to the exterior

Front 37

defferentiate among fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid base balance and explain why they are important to homeostasis

Back 37

fluid- amoutn of water gained each day equals amount of water lost to the enviroment
electrolyte- neighter a net gain or loss of any ion in body fluids
Acid -base - Hydrogen ion production offsets H+ losses
balances keep thinkgs withng their relatively narrow normal ranges and variations outside can be life threatening

Front 38

why should a person with a fever drink plenty of fluids

Back 38

for every degree of body temperature above normal, daily water loss increases by 200 mL

Front 39

Exercise physiologists recommend that the adequate amounts of fluid be ingested before, during, and after exercise. Why is adequate fluid replacement during extensive sweating improtant

Back 39

sweat is hypotonic som loss of a large colume causes hypertonicity in body fluids. Lost from interstitial space leads to reduction in plasma volume and increase in hematocrit.