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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the function of the heart? |
generating blood pressure routing blood regulating blood supply |
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Definition: the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs back to the heart |
pulmonary circulation |
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Definition: the flow of blood from the heart back through the body, back to the heart |
systemic circulation |
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The heart is located _____ to the vertebral column and _____ to the sternum. It is ___ of the midline, deep to the ______ through _____ intercostal spaces. It sits on top of the ______. |
anterior posterior left second fifth diaphragm |
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Definition: a double-walled sac around the heart |
pericardium |
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The pericardium is composed of a superficial ________ and a deep two-layer ________. The _______ layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium. The ______ layer lines the surface of the heart. They are separated by the ________. |
fibrous pericardium serous pericardium parietal visceral pericardial cavity |
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The fibrous pericardium does what two things? |
protects and anchors the heart prevents overfilling of the heart with blood |
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The serous pericardium does what? |
its allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment |
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What are the three layers of the heart? |
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
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The epicardium is the ______ layer of the serous pericardium. It provides ______ against the friction of ___________. |
visceral protection rubbing organs |
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Myocardium is the _____ layer forming the bulk of the heart. It is responsible for ______. |
muscle contraction |
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The endocardium is the _______ layer over a crisscrossing, interlacing layer of ____________. The inner endocardium reduces the ______ resulting from the passage of blood through the heart. |
endothelial connective tissue friction |
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Definition: ridges in the ventricles |
trabeculae carneae |
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Definition: raised areas on auricles |
musculi pectinati |
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The _____ is the retrieving chamber of the heart. Each one has a protruding ______. The walls are marked by ______ muscles. |
atrium auricle pectinate |
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What are the main veins carrying blood into the heart? |
inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary sinus |
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The ________ veins carry blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. |
pulmonary |
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The ______ are the discharging chamber of the heart. They are marked by the __________ and the _________. |
ventricles papillary muscles trabeculae carneae |
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What are the main arteries that carry blood away from the heart and where do they exit from? |
pulmonary trunk - right ventricle aorta - left ventricle |
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Each atrium has a flap called an ______. The ________ separates the atria from the ventricles on the exterior. The __________ separate the right and left ventricles on the exterior. The ________ separates the atria from each other. The _________ is the former location of the _________ from which blood bypassed the lungs in the fetus. The ______________ separates the ventricles. |
auricle coronary sulcus interventricular grooces interatrial septum fossa ovalis foramen ovalis interventricular septum |
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The heart valves ensure _________ blood flow through the heart. The _________ valves lie between the atria and ventricles. They prevent ____ into the atria when ventricles ______. |
unidirectional atrioventricular (AV) backflow contract |
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The _________ anchor the AV valves to the _______. The _________ separates the right atrium and ventricle. The _________ separates the left atrium and ventricle. |
chordae tendinae papillary muscles tricuspid valve bicuspid valve |
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The ______ valves prevent back flow of blood into ventricles. The ___________ valve lies between the left ventricle and aorta. The ________ lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. |
semilunar aortic semilunar pulmonary semilunar |
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Blood from the body flows through the right atrium into the ________ and then into the ______. Blood returns from the lungs to the _______ and enters the ________, where it is pumped back to the body. |
right ventricle lungs left atrium left ventricle |
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The ________ branch off the aorta to supply the heart. Blood returns from the heart tissues to the right atrium via the _____ and the _____. |
coronary arteries coronary sinus cardiac veins |
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The fibrous skeleton of the heart consists of a plate of fibrous connective tissue. It forms fibrous rings around the _____ and _____ for support. It provides a point of attachment for the _______ and it _______________ the atria from the ventricles. |
AV valves SL valves heart muscle electrically insulates |
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Cardiac muscle cells are ______ and have a _______ located nucleus. Actin and myosin are organized to form sarcomeres, making the muscle ________. However, the ________ and ________ are not as organized as in skeletal muscle. |
branched centrally striated T tubules sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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In cardiac muscle cells, normal contraction depends on __________. They rely on ____ respiration for ATP production. They have many ________ and are well supplied with ______. Cardiac muscle cells are also joined by _________, which allow action potentials to move from one cell to the next, thus making the cells function ________. |
extracellular Ca+2 aerobic mitochondria blood vessels intercalated disks as a unit |
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After depolarization and partial repolarization, a ______ is reached, during which the membrane potenital only slowly repolarizes. |
plateau phase |
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The movement of ____ through the ____channels causes depolarization. During depolarization, _____ channels close and _____ channels begin to open. Early repolarization results from closure of the ______ channels and opening of some ____ channels. The plateau exists because ___ channels remain open. The rapid phase of depolarization results from the closure of the ____ channels and the opening of many ____ channels. |
sodium sodium potassium calcium sodium potassium calcium calcium potassium |
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Definition: phase during which cardiac muscle cells are insesnitive to further stimulation |
absolute refractory period |
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Definition: phase during which a stronger than normal stimulation can produce an action potential |
relative refractory period |
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Cardiac muscle has a prolonged ______ and thus a prolonged ___________, which allows time for the cardiac muscle to ______ before the next action potential causes a contraction. |
depolarization absolute refractory period relax |
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Definition: a slowly developing local action potential |
prepotential |
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Some cardiac muscle cells are _______ because of the spontaneous development of a _____. The prepotential results from the movement of ____ and _____ into the _______ cells. The ______ of the prepotential determines heart rate. |
autorhythmic prepotential sodium calcium SA node duration |
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The ___ node is the pacemaker of the heart. A collection of cardiac muscles is capable of spontaneously ___________. |
SA generating action potentials |
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The SA node and AV node are both in the ________. The AV node is connected to the __________ in the interventricular septum by the _______. The bundle branches give rise to __________, which supply the ventricles. |
right atrium bundle branches AV bundle Purkinje fibers |
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The SA node initiates action potentials, which spread across the ____ and cause them to contract. It generates impulses about __ times/min. Action potentials are ______ in the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and blood to move into the ventricles. AV node _____ the impulse approximately ________. Then the action potential passes from the atria to the ventricles via the ________. |
atria 75 slowed delays 0.11 seconds atrioventricular bundle |
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An _____ records only the electrical activities of the heart. The _____ corresponds to the depolarization of the atria (SA node). The ________ corresponds to the ventricular depolarization and masks the atrial repolarization. Based on the _____ of the ECG waves and the _____ between waves, they can be used to diagnose ___________. |
ECG P wave QRS complex magnitude time heart abnormalities |
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During systole, that AV valve ______, the pressure inside the ventricles ________, ________ are forced to open, and blood flows into the _______ and _________. |
closes increases semilunar valves aorta pulmonary trunk |
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At the beginning of diastole, pressure inside the ventricles _______ and ________ close to prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk to the ______. |
decreases semilunar valves ventricles |
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During atrial systole, the atria ______ and complete the _________. |
contract filling of ventricles |
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During ventricular systole, the ventricles _____. They produce the ______ on the ECG. The AV valves ______. The contraction of ventricles causes increased _____, which forces the semilunar valve to _____. Blood is _______ the heart. |
depolarize QRS complex close ventricular pressure open ejected |
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Definition: the volume of blood in a ventricle just before it contracts |
end-diastolic volume |
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Definition: the volume of blood after contraction |
end-systolic volume |
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During ventricular diastole, the ventricles ______ and produce the _____ on the ECG. When this happens, the ventricles ____ and the blood flowing back toward the ventricles ____________. The AV valves ______. Approximately ___% of ventricular _______ occurs when blood flows from higher pressure in the ____ and ____ to the lower pressure in ventricles. |
repolarize T wave relax closes the semilunar valves open 70 filling veins atria |
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Atrial repolarization produces the ____ on an ECG. The atria contract and complete ________. |
P wave ventricular filling |
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Contraction of the ventricles forces blood into the aorta. The maximum pressure in the aorta is the _______. _______ of the aorta maintains pressure in the aorta and produces the ________. Blood pressure in the aorta falls as _______. The minimum pressure in the aorta is the _________. |
systolic pressure Elastic recoil dicrotic notch blood flows out of the aorta diastolic pressure |
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Hearts sounds (lub-dub) are associated with _________. The first sound occurs as the _____ and signifies the beginning of _____. The second sound occurs when ________ at the beginning of ________. |
closing of heart valves AV valves close systole SL valves close ventricular diastole |
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Definition: average blood pressure in the aorta |
mean arterial pressure |
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How do you find MABP? |
CO (cardiac output) x PR (peripheral resistance) |
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Definition: amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute |
cardiac output |
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Definition: total resistance to blood flow through blood vessels |
peripheral resistance |
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How do you find cardiac output? |
HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume) |
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Definition: the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat |
stroke volume |
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How do you find stroke volume? |
EDV (end-diastolic volume) - ESV (end systolic volume) |
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Cardiac output is on average about _____. _________ is the difference between resting and maximal CO. |
5 L/m Cardiac reserve |
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Definition: the amount of blood returning the the heart |
venous return |
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Increased venous return ______ stroke volume by increasing _____. Increased force of contraction ______ SV by decreasing _____. |
increases EDV increases ESV |
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Definition: modifies stroke volume through the functional characteristics of cardiac muscle cells |
intrinsic regulation |
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Definition: the relationship between preload and the stroke volume of the heart |
Starling's law of the heart |
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According to Starling's law, and increased preload will cause the cardiac muscle fibers to contract with _______ force and produce a _______ stroke volume. |
greater greater |
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Definition: the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood |
afterload |
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Definition: modifies heart rate and stroke volume through nervous and hormonal mechanisms |
extrinsic regulation |
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The __________ in the medulla oblongata regulates the _______ and ________ nervous control of the heart. |
cardioregulatory center parasympathetic sympathetic |
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______ and ______ are released into the blood from the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic stimulation. They _______ the rate and force of contraction. |
epinephrine norepinephrine increase |
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Parasympathetic simulation is supplied by the ______ nerve. It ______ heart rate. Postganglionic neurons secrete ______, which increases membrane permeability to ______. Hyper polarization of the plasma membrane increases the ______________. |
vagus decreases acetylcholine potassium duration of the prepotential |
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Sympathetic stimulation is supplied by the ______ nerves. They ____ heart rate and force of contraction. Postganglionic neurons secrete ______, which increases membrane permeability to ______. Depolarization of the plasma membrane decreases the ________. |
cardiac increase norepinephrine calcium duration of the prepotential |
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_________ monitor blood pressure and the _______ modifies heart rate and stroke volume. In response to a decrease in blood pressure, the receptors _______ HR and SV. When blood pressure increase, the opposite happens. |
baroreceptors cardioregulatory center increase |
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The _____ and _________ monitor blood oxygen levels. ________ monitor blood pH and carbon dioxide levels. These are not important for normal regulation of the heart, but are important in the regulation of respiration and blood vessel constriction. |
carotid body aortic chemoreceptor medullary chemoreceptors |
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What are some age-related changed to the heart? |
-decreased CO and HR -increased cardiac arrhythmias -hypertrophy of the left ventricle -development of stenoses or incompetent valves -development of coronary artery disease and heart failure |
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______ improves the functional capacity of the heart at all ages. |
exercise |
