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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Height and Weight |
during infancy Physical growth is at its peak velocity then becomes more consistant |
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Puberty |
period when a child physically matures into an adult capable of reproduction, Puberty is initiated by the secretion of sex hormones: primarily estrogen in females and testosterone in males female- 10-13 Males - about 2 years after height and weight increase rapidly and the extra fat stored just before puberty usually decrease i |
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Body Composition |
proportion of lean body tissue increases as infants and children grow older during adolesnece body fat rises for females and declines in males |
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Body organs and systems |
organs increase in size (kidney and stomach) |
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Tracking Growth |
growth should be tracked over time to identify a child's growth percentile and determine if growth is progressing normally a childs growth rate reflects their calorie and nutrition intake |
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epiphyses |
end segment of long bones that contain a thin area of active bone growth once this growth stops adult height is attained and no further significant growth in height can occur |
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Energy |
the rapid growth and high metabolic rate of infants and toddlers cause their calorie needs to by 2-4 time greater than adults total calorie needs rise steadily and peak for females at about 15-16 years and for males around 18 |
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Protein |
infancy needs are roughly at 1.5 g/kg of body weight daily to support their rapid rate of tissue synthesis too much protein can cause the nitrogen excretion to be too much and cause dehydration |
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Fat |
provides constituents such as cholesterol and essential fatty acids. |
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Carbs |
Lactose is the primary carb in the diet of most infants |
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Water |
water is critical throughout the life cycle but it is very important as an infant because per pound of body weight is greater than older humans |
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Iron |
Healthy full-term infants are born with internal iron stores but iron is depleted by the time brith weight has doubled Iron deficiencys can occur in children ages 1-2 and tens (espically if they are menstrating) |
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Calcium |
optimum calcium intake and weight bearing excerise throughout the growin gyears are important to forming strong bones. Calcium needs spike around age 9 and remain high until the end of adolescence |
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Fluoride |
recommended to have supplements fro ages 6 months -16 years whose drinking water is low in fluoride |
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zinc
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Zinc deficiency isnt that much of a problem but may occur if children only eat small amounts of meat low zinc may cause growth impairment |
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Folate |
may are low in folate - eat less vegtables problem for teenage girls as they reach childbearing age |
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Vitamin D |
important for nomral bone development - lack in vitamin D may lead to rickets sunlight exposure is important |
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Vitamin K |
infants are at risk of vitamin K deficiency because they are born with little or no K stores and have sterle intesitnes stores grow as child does but low levels may cause slowed blood clottng and unchecked bleeding - all infants must receive shto of vitamin K at birth |
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Vitmain and Mineral Suplements |
not neccessary for many children - b-12 for breastfeed vegan mothers - iron supplement for breasted infants - vitamin K for infants -flouride supplement ( if neccessary) - vitamin D suppliment ( if neccessary) |
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Nutritional Value of Human Milk |
human milk iS most ideal an ddesirable source of nutients for infants ( FIRST 6 MONTHS) contains all nutrients except possibly vitamin D, iron, and fluoride some proteins such as immune factors (antibodies) and enzymes enter milk directly form bloodstream - high in cholesterol andlinoleic acid both wihch are required for normal brain growth/development - omega-3 fatty acid - needed for normal development of the retina n the eye and nervous system tissue - lipids promote efficent difestion -lactose is the main carb n human milk |
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Lactoferin |
another human milk protein increases the rate of iron absorption by the infant |
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Nutritional Qualities of Infant Formula |
only formula that are commercially made specifically for infant are safe to use- there are standards so that the nutrients are close to human breast milk there are ones made for various health needs of infants (predigested/soy) |
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Comparing Human Milk and Infant Formula |
differ in health benefits,cost, convenience, and possibly mother-child bonding factor in human milk promote the maturation of the immune system and intestinal tract - reduced risk of childhood asthma, leukemia, obesity, and intestinal tract; less likely to be obeses/ higher cognitive and visual acuity |
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Feeding technique |
Newborns need 2-3 ounces of human milk or commercial formual every 2-4 hours They need to be feed often because their stomach hold only about 3 ounces, so they fill up and empty rapidly - better to feed babies small amounts |
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Well Nourished Breastfed Infants should: |
1. have 6 or more wet dipers per day after the second day of life 2. show a normal weight gain 3. pass at least 1-2 stold per day that look like lumpy mustard |
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Preparing Bottles |
Most prepare according to instructions and add only boiled clean cold water - don't want extra nitrates as that can cause anemia room temp formula - dont heat in microwave as it causes hot spots discard leftovers- have bacteria and enzymes |
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Birth to 4 months |
Skills: find nipples, tongue moves, needs burping, little head and neck control, strong tongue thrusting Hunger Signs: cries until feed, needs 8-10 feedings daily Satiety Signs: removes mouth from nipple, falls asleep Food: Human Milk or commercial infant formula |
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4 - 6 months |
Skills: can swallow nonliquids, trongue protrudes in anticipation of nipple, learns to move food from back to front, gain control of head, teeth appear Hunger Signs: opens mouth when sees bottle/breast, needs 5-6 feeding daily Satiety Signs: tosses head back or turn away, spits out food Food: iron-fortified infant cereal, pureed fruits and vegetables |
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7 to 9 months |
Skills: holds bottle alone, sits up alone, jaw begins to move up an down, begins to chew and bite Hunger Signs: reaches for food, looks for food when dish is removed Satiety Signs: says no, shakes head Food: fruit, vegetables, pureed foods, finger foods |
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10-12 month |
Skills: is able to chew, increases skill in biting, tongue is used ot lick lips, demands to self-feed Hunger Signs: grasps eating utensils, points to food Satiety Signs: says no Food: chopped, mashed table foods, grains |
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12-24 months |
Skills: holds cup and drinks unassisted, uses spoon to feed self Hunger Signs: points to food or leads adult to the refrigerator Satiety Signs: says no Food: whole milk, egg white, orange juice, table food |
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Deciding when to introduce solid foods |
1. nutritional need- needs solid food when they demand more than 8 times a day (breastfed), formula feed when they drink more than 8 ounces of formula and is hungry in less than 4 hour 2. physiological capabilities - after 3 months 3. physical ability - can control head movements and sit alone, extrusion reflex weakens and they can move food from tongue to back of mouth , they can make a chewing motion |
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Rate and Sequencing for Introducing Solid Foods |
between 6-12 moths of age human milk gradually decreases and solid food increases slowly introduce 1 ingredient every several days. Many outgrow food sensitivities in childhood iron and vitamin C are the first nutrients needed by infants in quantities larger than those supplied by human milk protein-rich foods are introduced around age 6-8 moths |
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Weaning from the Breast of Bottle |
Drinking from a cups helps & helps prevent early childhood dental caries |
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Learning to Self-Feed |
learn to feed themselves in late infancy and continue to develop these skills into the preschool years self-feeding is important and parents must be patient begin using a fork by 3-4 and a knife from 4-5 |
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Appetite of children
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children tend to have erratic appetites. before and during a period of rapid growth children have good appetites but as growth slows appetite drops significantly only a problem if these high/low intake occur for extended periods of time parents shouldn't bribe kids to eat certain foods -leads to problems later |
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serving sizes |
children have small stomach and should have 6 or so small meals - helps keep blood glucose levels high enough to support activity and development -breakfast is important -provide nutrient rich foods - their food palettes are sensitive |
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food preferences |
are established during fetal life and continue to develop - they get habits |
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Meal time challenes |
Unpredictable and unusual eating behaviours including eating jags - demanding the same meal 3 times a day for a week or more sometimes children refuse to eat or are picky eaters |
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Body Image |
teens are very concerned and sensitive about their appearance and cause them to be dissatisfied with their body |
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athletics and physical performance |
often diets do not include additonal calories and nutrients to maintain normal frowth and maturation can resutlt in amenorrhea and effect bone desnity |
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Substance use |
common among teenagers - replaces nutritous foods causes malnutrition and stunted growth |
