Chapter 16 - Stress And Health

Front 1

The stage in Selye’s general adaptation syndrome that corresponds to the fight-or-flight response is the ________ ______.

Back 1

alarm stage

Front 2

The relationship between daily hassles and the chance of developing stress-related health problems is at least as strong as the relationship between what?

Back 2

major life events and stress-related illness

Front 3

Max is 45. He will be most likely to develop a stress-related illness if his attributions about negative events are usually _____, ______, and _________.

Back 3

Internal, Global, and Stable

Front 4

In one experiment, the people who were most likely to get sick after being exposed to the common cold virus were those who has _____ ______ ______.

Back 4

high-stress lives

Front 5

Carla blows little hassles out of proportion and creates stress unnecessarily. Being caught in traffic means she will never be able to fix dinner or do her homework, when it just will delay things a few minutes. Carla could avoid much of the stress she now experiences if she would try _______ _________.

Back 5

Cognitive Reappraisal

Front 6

Ellie keeps seeing images of the World Trade Center collapse and sometimes seems to feel the dust filling her lungs. She refuses to go back to New York City and is having trouble sleeping. Ellie’s behavior is consistent with _______ _______ _________.

Back 6

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Front 7

The university has built one massive high-rise dorm for all students. Research on environmental psychology predicts there will be what?

Back 7

Increased-aggressive behavior by the residents.

Front 8

Keisha quit her high-stress job. In 6 months she will probably find her cholesterol level will be ________.

Back 8

reduced

Front 9

Emilio has devoted his life to teaching in urban schools. After a particularly stressful period in which several of his programs were eliminated, Emilio began to act exhausted mentally and physically, and he began skipping all the extra activities he had sponsored in the past. Emilio is showing the symptoms of __________.

Back 9

Burnout

Front 10

To help Tyce learn to relax the muscles of his forehead, his psychologist has hooked him up to a machine that presents a tone when muscle tension drops. Tyce is using ______________.

Back 10

biofeedback

Front 11

One reason social support reduces stress-related health problems is that it may tend to ______ ______ ________.

Back 11

encourage healthy behaviors

Front 12

Counseling an HIV-positive individual about how to avoid transmitting the virus to other people is _______ _________.

Back 12

Tertiary Prevention

Front 13

Chuck is tensing and then relaxing each of the muscle groups in his body, moving from his head down. What stress-reduction technique is Chuck using?

Back 13

progressive muscle relaxation

Front 14

Depressed college students were asked to engage in aerobic exercise, use relaxation techniques, or do nothing to treat their depression. After 10 weeks, researchers found what?

Back 14

the exercise group’s mood improved more than that of the other two groups.

Front 15

Between working two jobs, facing three major exams this week, and finding out he is being evicted, Sam is feeling overwhelmed. Your text’s definition of stress would identify the stress to be ______ _________.

Back 15

feeling overwhelmed

Front 16

For the past year Helena’s life has been one disaster after another. She has felt a lack of control and hopeless, and she has developed some serious stress-related illnesses. In which stage of the general adaptation syndromes is Helena?

Back 16

Exhaustion stage

Front 17

If stress hormone levels are recorded for everyone taking the SAT, an achievement test used for college admissions, the hormone levels should be correlated most strongly with the student's ______.

Back 17

IQ

Front 18

The Holmes and Rahé Social Readjustment Rating Scale score is used to predict what?

Back 18

risk of developing health problems

Front 19

Nan’s life is very stressful now that she is a single parent, and she has noticed that she catches every illness that her little girl gets. If Nan had a complete physical, she would probably be found to have lower _______ ______ than usual.

Back 19

lymphocyte levels

Front 20

When their trip home was interrupted by car trouble, Sam got very upset even though they had no reason to hurry and the repairs were covered by a warranty. Trudy said, "This isn’t so bad. We can relax by the pool and the car will be better than before." Trudy experienced less stress because she used _______ _______.

Back 20

cognitive reappraisal

Front 21

Tallal is a straight-A student who insists all assignments be done perfectly and devotes all his attention to being the best student in every class. Tallal quickly becomes impatient with anyone who doesn’t perform to his standards. Tallal’s behavior is characteristic of a ________________

Back 21

Type A Personality

Front 22

Melvin narrowly escaped death when a tornado destroyed his home. Two years later, Melvin still has flashbacks of the storm and has withdrawn from family and friends. He even moved to a milder climate to avoid the intense anxiety any storm produced. Melvin’s behavior is most consistent with _______ _____ ______ ______.

Back 22

post-traumatic stress disorder

Front 23

Mary tries to direct increased blood flow to each muscle group, one by one. Mary is using _______ _____.

Back 23

autogenic relaxation

Front 24

Without Paul’s knowledge, his son changed the settings on his biofeedback equipment so that it sounds a tone when muscle tension increases, rather than decreases. We should expect Paul’s headaches to what?

Back 24

continue to decrease in frequency

Front 25

After the tornado destroyed most of the town and killed over 100 people, counselors came in to help the survivors and rescue workers cope. Some counselors just let the people talk about their experiences. Based on Pennebaker’s research, this procedure was probably helpful, why?

Back 25

talking about troubles leads to better coping and less stress.

Front 26

Men interested in reducing the impact of stress by exercising should remember that research shows ________ _____ works better than ____ _______.

Back 26

aerobic exercise works better than strength training

Front 27

In hopes of reducing the incidence of heart disease and stroke, a company offered free cholesterol tests each year. This is an example of _______ ________.

Back 27

secondary prevention

Front 28

________ is the physical and psychological reaction people have to demanding situations, and we'll refer to the demanding or threatening situations that produce stress as _________.

Back 28

stress
stressors

Front 29

____________ is Hans Selye's model of stress as a general nonspecific reaction that occurs in three phases, _________,_______,________.

Back 29

General adaptation syndrome
alarm
resistance
exhaustion

Front 30

Stress is closely related to the concept of _________ because the experience of stress is critically influenced by the way we perceive or _______ the situation.

Back 30

emotion
appraise

Front 31

What two things are necessary to feel stress?

Back 31

Perceive there's some kind of demand
Conclude that you not have adequate resources available to deal with the threat

Front 32

_____________ is the idea that to feel stress you need to perceive a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have adequate resources to deal with the threat.

Back 32

cognitive appraisal

Front 33

What are three major classes of external stressors?

Back 33

significant life events
daily hassles
other factors in the environment

Front 34

Most life events are connected with some kind of change in ______________.

Back 34

day to day activities

Front 35

Chronic exposure to ______ interferes with everyday activities, and its been linked with the appearance of such stress-related disorders such as _______ and ____________.

Back 35

noise
ulcers
high blood pressure

Front 36

________________ is the study of environmental effects on behavior and health.

Back 36

environmental psychology

Front 37

Stress arises out of an interaction between individuals and events in the world. What are these three internal characteristics?

Back 37

perceived control
explanatory style
personality characteristics

Front 38

The amount of influence you feel you have over a situation and your reaction to it is _________.

Back 38

perceived control

Front 39

What is he internal locus of control?

Back 39

those who feel they generally have control over the events in their environment.

Front 40

Explanatory style may be linked to a personality characteristic such as ___________ - the belief that good things will happen - which some psychologists have argued is a relatively enduring trait that changes little over a life time.

Back 40

optimism

Front 41

The primary weapons of the immune system are ___________, which are specialized white blood cells that attack and destroy most of these foreign invaders.

Back 41

lymphocytes

Front 42

The two most important risk factors in heart disease are what?

Back 42

1. high cholesterol levels in the blood
2. high blood pressure

Front 43

What are the three types of symptoms of PTSD that occur for a period lasting longer than one month?

Back 43

1. Flashbacks
2. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
3. Chronic Arousal Symptoms

Front 44

_______ refers to a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations.

Back 44

Burnout

Front 45

Why does burnout occur?

Back 45

loss of meaning in life
or to a loss of control in the workplace

Front 46

______ is a term psychologists use to describe efforts to manage conditions of threat or demand that tax one's resources.

Back 46

Coping

Front 47

What are three coping strategies for controlling or reducing stress?

Back 47

1. learning relaxation techniques
2. forming effective social support systems
3. learning to reappraise the situation

Front 48

____________ to refer to the resources we receive from other people or groups, often in the form of comfort, caring, or help.

Back 48

social support

Front 49

What is the negative side of social support?

Back 49

People can become dependent on another for support and that support is no longer delivered, your ability can be compromised.

Front 50

It's not the sudden life event or the daily hassle that leads us to experience stress its our _________ of the event that really matters.

Back 50

interpretation

Front 51

The value of a stress record is what?

Back 51

it allows the client to recognize and unrealistic thoughts or conclusions on the spot because they need to be written down.

Front 52

_________ consists of high-intensity activities that increase both heart rate and oxygen consumption, such as fast walking, running, dancing, rowing, swimming and so on.

Back 52

aerobic exercise

Front 53

___________ is designed to educate the public as a whole in ways to reduce or eliminate a problem before it starts.

Back 53

Primary prevention

Front 54

_________ involves the early identification of risk factors in specific population groups.

Back 54

Secondary prevention

Front 55

___________ seeks to handle and contain an illness or habit once it has been acquired.

Back 55

Tertiary prevention