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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are closely linked? |
body and mind |
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smoking |
-leading cause of preventable deaths in developed countries -poison nicotine: acts on heart and muscle receptors - other chemicals in cigs -peer pressure -advertising -celebrity examples -addictive -pleasure comes from satisfying addiction |
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how does body adapt to smoking |
-adapts to higher levels of nicotine by producing less in the body - w/o cigarettes, body has low levels of nicotinic neurotransmitters --> craves another source to inc. nicotinic neurotransmitters again |
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how to quit smoking |
-give body some external source of nicotine - lower dose gradually, until bodes natural production back to normal - patch - anti-smoking programs and support groups --> usually short-term w/o strong commitment - if social pressures resume smoking, usually give in |
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how are our bodies designed? (obesity) |
bodies designed for famine - good at storing energy, bad at losing energy |
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body mass index |
-ratio of height to weight -1/3 of americans obese
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contributors to obesity? |
- genetics - gaining weight raises bodies set point = harder to loose weight - lack of activity -calories coming in>calories burned - availability of healthy food - watching TV -social examples
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whats the set point |
body tries to keep min weight by reducing metabolism and fat loss after certain point |
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best predictor of shorter lifespan |
poverty -healthcare -food -stress -extra-curricular exercise opportunities -bad role-models |
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social contagion |
-influence of bad role-models -bad behaviours spread like contagious disease |
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discrimination |
-social stress that causes: -poorer health/ poorer individuals = more discrimination |
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family environment and health |
- married people = better health -men = more benefits bc they become less competitive, risk-taking etc. whereas women were normal to begin w. they also benefit from women's care of healthy behaviours in others |
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stress |
--ve external event: threatens one's well being |
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stressors |
events/causes of stress |
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stress measured in 2 stages |
1. cognitive appraisal: how u evaluate the threat --> less stressful if you can control 2. cognitive appraisal: what's the appropriate response. --> our bodies are adapted to deal w predators, famine etc. |
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whats a major source of stress? |
life changes -losing child =#1 for adult stress |
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what does stress active in ur body? |
fight-or-flight response - sympathetic nervous system -hypothalamus |
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general adaptation syndrome |
-initial rxn= fight or flight - if persists body adapts to prolonged state of stress resistance - if stress lasts for too long = exhaustion - sympathetic NS and HPA axis (hormone circuit that releases cortisol) |
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cortisol |
-hormone -responds to stress - shuts down immune system |
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glucocorticoids |
-cope w stress in short term - |
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oxytocin |
-hormone -released when under stress -reduces stress levels - explains why married people live longer |
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type a pattern |
-goal driven/competitive - more vulnerable to illness/high blood pressure/ heart disease |
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type b pattern |
- laidback - high stress for them= PTSD - |
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what can stress inc. likelihood of getting? |
- coronary heart disease - AIDS -cancer |
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what does nature of stress depend on? |
nature of stressor |
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strong relationship w health |
perceived daily hassles vs. positive events |
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coping strategy |
-when faced w stress -plan that helps reduce stress -reduce anticipation of stress/consequences of stressful events |
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positive psychology |
- studies what makes people happier |
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optimism |
-tendency to be positive - whatever happens, you can handle it view |
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resilience |
-ability to resists/recover from stressors |
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whats inc. resilience? |
- wealth -social support - opportunities for rest |
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post-traumatic growth |
traumatic event changes mental/emotional/physical cabalities -more capable of responding to similar stress in future ex: prison camp person feels like they can deal w anything -PTG and PTSD often occur together |
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how does the brain control the body/ |
meditation/relaxation/biofeedback -think of calming thoughts -reduces stress - |
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biofeedback |
-machine hooked up to person, and gives them feedback on how their body is responding to their mind |
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meditation |
-mindfulness -being more aware of thoughts/feelings concentrative meditation: focus on thought or sound to clear mind - relaxing (parasympathetic) can be rewarding (nucleus accumbens) |
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negative affectivity |
-respond to stress w anxiety/aggression/anger/nervousness -bad social outcomes -inc. health problems
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pessimistic explanatory style |
-interpret life events w negative lens -view problems as worse than they are |
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key aspect of coping w stress |
degree that one believes they have control over the stress |
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learned helpelessness |
believe that escaping stress is not possible - don't try to escape stress -generalize into other forms of stress |
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when people believe that don't have control over stress what are they more likely to believe in? |
superstitions and conspiracies - can explain random events, make them seem more controllable |
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flavanol and omega-3 can help what? |
thinking - not clear evidence |
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how to exercise relate to mental cognition? |
boosts mental cognition -inc. blood flow |
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) |
released after intense exercise -promote growth of new synapses (connections) |
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problem-focused coping |
behaviourally-driven coping -aims at finding solutions to reduce stress |
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emotional-focused coping |
aimed at reducing emotional response to stress - when stress is beyond control |
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aerobic exercise and stress |
-reduce stress -inc. endorphins - inc. energy - sense of accomplishment |
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cognitive repraisal |
-technique focuses on re-evaluation of nature of stressor ex: bullying: first stressful for u, then reevaluate and feel pity towards bully |
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progressive relaxation technique |
-recognize early signs of stress - use as cues to start relaxing - then focus on relaxing body |
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stress inoculation training |
-take steps to avoid stress/ avoid being affected by stress before it happens
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name steps in stress inoculation training |
1. learn nature of stress 2. keep track of when it happens 3. learn problem-solving skills specific to stresses 4. learn/practice skills for controlling emotions/physcial responses to stress (so u can use #3) 5. learn cues of poor stress response (use # 3,4) 6. imagine how #3-5 will be used in more stressful situation 7. learn to apply all of these to new stressors |
