Chapter 16- Social Change

Front 1

Social change

Back 1

The transformation of a culture over time

Front 2

Collective behavior

Back 2

Behavior that follows from the formation of a group or crowd of people who take action together toward a shared goal

Front 3

Contagion theory

Back 3

One of the earliest theories of collective action; suggested that individuals who joined a crowd could become "infected" by a mob mentality and lose the ability to reason

Front 4

Emergent norm theory

Back 4

A theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors

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Crowd

Back 5

A temporary gathering of individuals, whether spontaneous or planned, who share a common focus

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Riot

Back 6

Continuous disorderly behaviour by a group of people that disturb the peace and is directed toward other people and/or property

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Mass behavior

Back 7

Large groups of people engaging in similar behaviors without necessarily being in the same place

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Fads

Back 8

Interest or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time

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Fashion

Back 9

The widespread custom or style of behavior and appearance at a particular time or in a particular place

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Social dilemma

Back 10

A situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual can, when practiced by many people, lead to collective disaster

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Tragedy of the Commons

Back 11

A type of social dilemma in which many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource

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Public goods dilemma

Back 12

A type of social dilemma in which individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from the resource

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Social movement

Back 13

Any social groups with leadership, organization, and an ideological commitment to promote or resist social change

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Mass society theory

Back 14

A theory of social movement that assumes people join not because of the movement's ideals, but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves

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Relative deprivation theory

Back 15

a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society

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Resource mobilization theory

Back 16

A theory of social movement that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action

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Activism

Back 17

Any activity intended to bring about social change

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Regressive

Back 18

Term describing resistance to particular social changes, efforts to maintain the status quo, or attempts to reestablish an earlier form of social order

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Progressive

Back 19

Term describing efforts to promote forward-thinking social change

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Technological determinism

Back 20

A theory of social change that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than vice versa

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Cultural lag

Back 21

The time between changes in material culture or technology and the resulting changes in the broader culture's relevant norms, values, meanings, and laws

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Virtual community

Back 22

A community of people linked by their consumption of the same digital media

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Global Village

Back 23

Marshall McLuhan's term describing the way that new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, joining together people all over the globe

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Cultural diffusion

Back 24

The dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another

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Globalization

Back 25

The increasing connections between economic, social, and political systems all over the globe

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Cultural imperialism

Back 26

Cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products

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Cultural leveling

Back 27

The process by which societies lose their uniqueness, becoming increasingly similar

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Modernity

Back 28

A term that characterizes industrialized societies, including the decline of tradition, an increase in individualism, and a belief in progress, technology, and science

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Postmodernity

Back 29

A term that characterizes postindustrial societies, including a focus on the production and management of information and skepticism of science and technology