Chapter 16 Campbell Reece

Front 1

DNA Ligase I

Back 1

ligates Okazaki fragments during lagging strand DNA replication

Front 2

DNA Ligase II

Back 2

aides with DNA excision repair aid by sealing base excision mutations

Front 3

DNA Helicase

Back 3

utilized to separate strands of a DNA double helix

Front 4

Telomerase

Back 4

adds specific DNA sequence repeats to the 3'end of DNA strands in the telomere regions

Front 5

DNA Polymerase I

Back 5

Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

Front 6

DNA Polymerase III

Back 6

major enzyme involved in DNA replication, can only add a nucleotide to the 3' end of a preexisting chain of nucleotides

Front 7

Topoisomerase

Back 7

Relieves strain of DNA unwinding

Front 8

Restriction Enzymes

Back 8

enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA.
ALSO called: Endonuclease or Nuclease.

Front 9

RNA Primase

Back 9

creates a short RNA primer approximately 10 nucleotides long, so new nucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase

Front 10

Telomeres

Back 10

nucleo-protein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Junk DNA consisting of random repeats

Front 11

DNA Structure

Back 11

Diribose sugar, Nucleotide base and Phosphate Group

Front 12

RNA Structure

Back 12

Ribose sugar, Nucleotide base and Phosphate Group

Front 13

Pyrimidine

Back 13

Smaller single ringed nucleotide Thymine, Cytosine in DNA, Uracil in RNA

Front 14

Purine

Back 14

Larger two ringed nucleotide
Adenine, Guanine

Front 15

Adenine-Thymine Bond

Back 15

DNA - 2 hydrogen bonds

Front 16

Adenine-Uracil Bond

Back 16

RNA - 2 hydrogen bonds

Front 17

Guanine-Cytosine Bond

Back 17

DNA - 3 hydrogen binds

Front 18

RNA Primer

Back 18

Created by RNA primase, allows DNA Polymerase to add nucleotides to 3' end.

Front 19

Leading Strand

Back 19

elongates continuously in the 5’ – 3’ Direction

Front 20

Lagging Strand

Back 20

elogates with use of Okazaki segments in 3' to 5' direction

Front 21

Okazaki Fragments

Back 21

discontinuous fragments of DNA in lagging strand (3' to 5' direction), because multiple RNA primers must be used

Front 22

Single Strand Binding Proteins

Back 22

During replication they bind single stranded regions of DNA to prevent premature reannealing to occur

Front 23

Deoxyribose 1' Carbon

Back 23

connects to Nitrogenous base

Front 24

Deoxyribose 3' Carbon

Back 24

Connects to next nucleotide - This is where DNA Polymerase adds the Nucleotide

Front 25

Deoxyribose 5' Carbon

Back 25

Connects to Phosphate group

Front 26

3' to 5'

Back 26

Lagging strand

Front 27

5' to 3'

Back 27

Leading strand

Front 28

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 28

Genes are on Chromosomes

Front 29

Frederick Griffith

Back 29

Transformation of Bacteria 1928

Front 30

Oswald Avery

Back 30

DNA is tranforming agent
1944

Front 31

Hershey-Chase Experiment

Back 31

only DNA NOT protein enters target cells of bacteriophage
1952 - Waring Blender

Front 32

Rosalind Franklin

Back 32

X-Ray Crystallography of DNA structure

Front 33

Watson and Crick

Back 33

Double Helix, structural model of DNA, replication

Front 34

Irwin Chargaff

Back 34

A=G
T=C
purines=pyrimidines

Front 35

Conservative

Back 35

Each new double helix consists of two new strands

Front 36

Semi-conservative

Back 36

Each new double-helix consists of new and old strand

Front 37

Dispersive

Back 37

Pieces of DNA are dispersed or melded together to form the new DNA of each strand

Front 38

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

Back 38

Use Heavy N-15 and N-14 to test DNA replication, proved semi-conservative, 1 light one medium strand

Front 39

DNA mismatch repair

Back 39

Detecting and repairing a nucleotide mismatch in newly synthesized DNA

Front 40

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Back 40

repair DNA damage that can occur to bases from a vast variety of sources including chemicals but also ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun