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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are nucleic acids?
- Made up of phosphors, base, and sugar (PBS)
- Polymers
- Control cell life/types of proteins
- DNA
- monomers- nucleotide
What is Chargaff's Rule?
Ratio of A/T and G/C is almost 1
What's the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: 1 type. Double stranded. T instead of U. Sugar deoxyribose.

RNA: 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
1 stranded. U instead of T. Sugar ribose.
DNA replication occurs in what direction?
5' --> 3'
What's the folding pattern eukaryotic cells have called?
Nucleosomes
What's the difference between DNA replication in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells:
- DNA associated with proteins to form nucleosomes
- DNA replication can take place in many places
- Repetitive (junk) DNA

Prokaryotic cells:
- Replication takes place in one place
- DNA naked DNA
- No repetitive DNA
50% DNA conserved. What is this called?
Semi-conservative mode of replication
Basic steps of DNA replication?
1. Unzipping the DNA
2. RNA primer created by primase
3. DNA polymerase adds SNA bases to RNA primer
4. The enzyme DNA polymerase digest and replace the RNA primers
5. Enzymes are then tied together by the enzyme ligase
6. DNA zips back
Details on DNA replication
1. Enzyme helicase opens it. SSB proteins prevents helix from zipping back. Topoisomerase reduces tension in the helix
2. RNA primer helps make the dotter strand.
3. The one with 5' --> 3' is the leading strand. Other one is lagging strand. DNA bases+RNA primer=Okazaki fragments
What's made first before DNA bases can be added?
Primers
What enzyme adds SNA bases?
DNA polymerase
What are Okazaki fragments?
Fragments of DNA in dotter strand
What is the central dogma of life?
DNA --> mRNA --> Proteins
What's the difference between the mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?
mRNA is the messenger RNA. Just like your email, all the genetic information about how to produce a new polypeptide chain (protein strand) will be copied to mRNA. Then, it will move to the cytoplasm and attach to the ribosome (factory to produce protein).

tRNA is transfer RNA. If you want to transport something, you need a car. Then here is also the same! tRNA is function mainly in transferring the mRNA.

rRNA is the ribosomal RNA. This is the site where the protein is synthesis. In other words, this is the factory to produce your Nike Air Jordan shoes. At this site, all the genetic information copied by mRNA will will be translated and a new strand of DNA will be produce.
What are introns and exons?
Introns: Junk DNA
Exon: Coding DNA
What's something about the genetic code?
Gentic code is universal
What's degenerate?
Wen more than one codon codes for the same amino acid.
What's a codon? An anti-codon?
Codon: Triplet mRNA
Anti-codon: Triplet tRNA
What are the three steps of protein synthesis and where do they occur?
Transcription: Nucleus
Translation: Cytoplasm
Termination
What's the initial codon for mRNA message?
AUG
What are the three stages of translation?
Initiation: Transmission of mRNA to amino acids
Elongation: Amino acid chain grows
Termination: Amino acid chain detached and modified, folded, packed in the ER and golgi complex
What happens when a base sequence is altered?
Reading frame changed and there are mutations.
What are the two types of mutation?
Point: Singular base pair changed
Chromosomal: Part of the chromosome is either removed, substituted, or added. Can only see chromosome when cell splits.
-- Carcinogen: Caused by errors in DNA replication or by mutations. Causes cancer.
Why are cells of the brain different from the cells of the kidney?
- cells differentiation is caused by expression of genes
- All cells contain same DNA, but only one portion of DNA required by that cell is transcribed
What is a gene?
A sequence of SNA that codes for a single protein
What are restriction enzymes?
Enzymes that recognize specific regions of a long DNA molecule and cut it at those points.
Reproductive cloning
AKA Stomatic cell transfer
- Nucleus of stomatic cell (donor) + egg --> implanted into an animal
Therapeutic cloning
AKA embryo cloning
- Used for harvesting stem cells
- Max number of cells we cloned: 6
Applications
- DNA technology used in courts of law
- DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes
- Recombinant cells and organisms are used to manufacture useful proteins
- Sheep carry a gene for human blood protein that is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis
Applications pt. 2
- Hormones, cancer-fighting drugs, and new vaccines are being produced using DNA technology
- New genetic varieties of animals and plants are being produced
What's golden rice?
Genetically modified to contain beta-carotene (vitamin A)
How much of RNA in cell is rRNA?
What's genetic code?
80%.
Genetic code: Describes how a sequence of bases in DNA or RNA translates into the sequence of amino acids in a protein
How many combinations does DNA have?
2 letter combinations: 16
3 letter combinations: 64
What determines function and information expressed of code in DNA?
Structure of protein
What do many enzymes have that bind only specific substrate molecules.
Cavities or pockets
When does gene expression begin?
RNA synthesis
What happens during protein synthesis when two ribosomal subunits bind to each other and a mRNA?
It forms intact ribosome
What is the promotor region?
Place before segment of DNA coding
What stabilizes polypeptides as it's folded?
Chaperone proteins
How are proteins transferred out of the cell?
A small membrane vesicle containing the protein fuses with the cell membrane
What is the poly-A tail made of?
100-200 adenine nucleotides
What RNA is not involved in coding?
Ribosomal RNA
What happens in translation?
- anticodon paired with codon
- codon sequence dictates amino acid sequence
- 3 stages
What makes peptides? Polypeptides?
Peptide: Amino acid
Polypeptide: Ribosomes
What is the process of therapeutic coding?
1. Plasmid insulated from bacteria
2. Gene from cell inserted in plasma (recombinant DNA)
3. Plasmid put into bacterial cell (recombinant bacterium)
4. Cell multiplies with gene of intrest
What are the results of therapeutic cloning in copying of gene? Copying of protein?
Copy of gene: Cleaning toxic waste; pest resistance.
Copy of protein: Dissolve blood clots; make snow.