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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Replication is |
To make a copy of DNA |
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Transcription is |
Rewriting DNA in the form of RNA (U instead of T) |
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How is RNA different from DNA? |
(U instead of T) |
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Translation is |
Creation of protein from RNA |
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What describes the process of DNA creating RNA and RNA creating proteins? |
The central dogma |
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What enzyme is primarily responsible for the transcription of mRNA |
RNA Polymerase 2 |
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What enzyme is primarily responsible for the transcription of rRNA |
RNA Polymerase 1 |
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What enzyme is primarily responsible for the transcription of tRNA |
RNA Polymerase 3 |
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rRNA |
ribosomal RNA, does not make proteins, piece of ribosome |
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mRNA |
messenger RNA, only one that makes proteins (template for new proteins) |
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tRNA |
transfer RNA, transfers amino acids to ribosomes |
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What is the region where these enzymes attach to called? |
Promoter region |
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What is the most common sequence for this region? |
The TATA Box- TATAAAA |
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What signals these enzyme to come to this region? |
Transcription factors signal RNA polymerase |
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What does it mean that RNA polymerase will move downstream? |
To move from 3 to 5 |
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What direction is RNA transcribed in? |
From 5 to 3 |
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What are the three things that must be done to mRNA before it can leave the nucleus? |
5’ capping, 3’ poly-A tail, mRNA splicing |
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What is 5’ capping? |
When we add a special type of guanine to the 5’ to protect it from degrading so RNA does not get messed up |
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What is a 3’ poly-A tail? |
Approximately 200 As to the 3’ to protect against degrading |
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What in mRNA splicing? |
Cut out introns and glue exons together |
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What are exons? |
Code for proteins |
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What are introns? |
RNA that do nothing |
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When DNA creates an RNA strand what is the region called where this is taking place? |
Transcription bubble, where transcription is occurring |
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How does this work? |
The front will open, the back will close as it works its way |
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What is a triplet codon? |
Three bases from an mRNA |
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How many amino acids are there? |
20 |
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Does only one triplet code for each amino acid? Why? |
No because there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids |
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What would inserting 1,2, or 3 nucleotides do to the amino acid sequence? |
Adding 1 or 2 bases would mess up all of the following amino acids. Adding one would add an extra |
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What does a stop codon do? |
Signals mRNA to stop making proteins |
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what signals translations? |
AUG- sequence that is always at the beginning |
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Why does translation support the idea of life originating from place? |
All living organisms use the same code to make proteins |
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What is the function of rRNA in the ribosome? |
Acts as the bonding site for tRNA and mRNA |
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What is the structure of tRNA? |
One end has amino acid Other end has anti-codon |
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Describe the process of translation? |
mRNA slides through the ribosome rRNA will read triplet codons, signals correct tRNA that matches to come and bind to it mRNA will keep sliding downKeep doing the same thing sliding down Amino acids will bond together and create peptide bonds to make a polypeptide chain |
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What happens at A site? |
tRNA attaches with amino acid |
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What happens at P site? |
Amino acids bond together to make polypeptide chain |
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What happens at E site? |
Empty tRNA is released |
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What shape is a polypeptide chain in for it’s primary structure? |
Straight line |
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What cause the secondary structure to form and what shape can it be? |
Beta sheets, helix. Hydrogen bonds between amino acids |
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What causes the tertiary shape? |
because of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of some amino acids the R groups of polypeptide chain will bond and fold even more |
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What cause the quaternary shape? |
when multiple polypeptide chains join together |
