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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medical Model: |
Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease |
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Diagnosis: |
Distinguishing one's illness from another |
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Etiology: |
The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness |
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Prognosis |
forecast about the probably course of an illness |
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What are the three criterion of abnormal behavior |
1. Deviance 2. Maladaptive Behaviour 3. Personal Distress |
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Outline deviance |
behavior must be significantly different from what society deems acceptable |
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Maladaptive Behaviour |
behavior interferes with the person's ability to function |
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Personal Distress |
behavior is troubling to individual |
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What does the American Psychological Association use as a manual |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |
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What does the DSM-4 have that the DSM-5 not have |
multi-axial system |
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Comorbity: |
when an individual qualifies for the diagnosis of more than one condition |
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What does the DSM-5 use as an approach to describe disorders in terms of how people score on a limited number of continuous dimensions |
the dimensional approach |
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Epidemiology |
study of the distribution of mental or physical disorder in a population |
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Prevalence: |
refers to the percentage of the population that exhibits a disorder during a time period |
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In what classes do researchers suggest a real increase in prevalence in disorders |
1. substance use 2. Anxiety 3. mood disorders |
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Anxiety Disorders |
disorder marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety |
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Generalized anxiety disorder: |
chronic level of anxiety not tied to any specific threat |
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Phobic disorder |
irrational fear of an object/ situation that presents no real danger |
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Panic Disorder: |
sudden and unexpected overwhelming anxiety attacks. |
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Agoraphobia |
Fear of going out to public places |
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What may agoraphobia result from? |
A severe panic disorder in which people hide from the outside world |
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OCD: |
Uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges in senseless rituals (compulsions) |
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What are the biological factors of anxiety disorders |
1. inherited temperament 2. Neurotransmitters may underlie anxiety 3. Drugs that affect the neurotransmitter suggest that these chemical circuits may be involved in anxiety disorders |
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Neurotransmitter: |
chemicals that carry signals from one neuron tho another |
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Why are some people more likely to experience anxiety disorders |
1. view harmless situations as threatning 2. Focus to much attention on thought they think are to be true 2. Selectively recall info that looks threatning |
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Somatoform disorder: |
Physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors |
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Somatization Disorder |
diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin (occurs mostly in women and symptoms are linked with stresss) |
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Conversion Disorder |
loss of physical function with no apparent organic basis, usually in a single organ system |
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5 common symptoms of conversion disorder: |
1. Partial or total loss of vision or hearing 2. Partial paralysis 3. Laryngitis or mutism 4. Seizures or vomiting 5. Loss of function in limbs |
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Hypochondriasis: |
excessive preoccupation with health concerns and physical illness |
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Personality Factors involving somatoform involve people with what type of personalities? |
1. histrionic 2. Neuroticism |
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Histrionic: |
those who thrive on the attention that illness brings |
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Define the sick role |
People learn to like being sick because it allows them to avoid challenging tasks, provides an excuse for failure and gets attention from others |
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Dissociative disorders |
Disruptions in their sense of identity due to the loss of contact with portions of their memory |
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Dissociative Amnesia |
Sudden loss of memory that is to extensive to forget normally |
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Dissociative identity disorder: |
two personalities existing in one person. Transitions are sudden but the differences are extreme |
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What is dissociative amnesia a result of |
extreme stress |
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What do many clinicians suspect that DID results from |
severe emotional trauma |
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Major Depressive Disorder |
feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous things that use to provide pleasure |
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What is one of the most common mental illnesses |
depression |
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With depression, what is prevalence tied to? |
Gender |
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Bipolar Disorder (Manic-depressive disorder) |
Experiencing both depressed and manic periods |
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Manic Periods: |
extreme exuberance and feelings of invincibility |
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What is the life time risk for those with bipolar disorder |
15-20% |
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What is the life time risk in people who have depression |
10-15% |
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Concordance rates: |
% of pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder. Especially in twins |
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What do concordance rates suggest: |
a genetic disorder in mood disorders |
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What are mood disorders correlated with : |
Low levels of the neurotransmitter known as norepinephrine and serotonin |
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What is unclear with the changes in norepinephrine and serotonin levels in terms of the on set of mood disorders |
It is unclear whether the changes in the chemicals is the cause or the result of the mood disorder. |
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What is depression correlated with: |
a reduction in hippocampal volume, and the suppression of neurogenesis |
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What are hormonal factors of mood disorders |
corticosteroid is released from the hypothalamus into the pituitary gland to the adrenal cortex (HPA axis) causing overactivity in HPA axis in a response to stress which may play a role in depression |
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What are the cognitive factors of mood disorders |
Depression may be caused by learned helplessness in which people become passive and give up. This is related to a pessimistic explanatory style in which people attribute setback to personal flaws |
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What did Nolen-Hoeksema suggest |
Those who ruminate are at risk of depression |
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What did Lauren Alloy purpose on depression |
depression may be caused by negative thoughts |
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Schizophrenic disorders: |
disturbances in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social and emotional processes |
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What is the prevalence for schizophrenia |
1% |
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What are the 3 symptoms of schizophrenia |
1. Irrational thought 2. Deterioration of adaptive behavior 3. Distorted perception 4. Disturbed emotion |
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Outline the symptom of irrational though in terms of schizophrenia |
Experience delusions that one's mind is being controlled by an external source. |
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Delusion: |
False beliefs that are maintained even though they are out of reach with reality |
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Delusions of grandeur |
irrational beliefs that one is famous |
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What is an example of deterioration of adaptive behaviour |
inability to function at work |
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Hallucinations: |
Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real external stimuli |
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What is the most common type of hallucination in scizophrenia |
auditory |
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What was the four sub-types of schizophrenia before DSM-5 discarded them |
1. Paranoid type 2. Catatonic type 3. Disorganized type Undifferentiated type |
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Outline the paranoid type in schizophrenia |
experience delusions of prosecution and grader |
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outline catatonic type in schizo |
motordisturbances |
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Outline the disorganized type in schizo |
experience incoherence, deterioration in adaptive behavior and social withdrawal |
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Outline the undifferentiated type in schizo |
idiosyncratic mixtures |
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How did Andreasen divide schizo into two subtypes and how were they characterized |
1. negative symptoms (behavioral deficits, social withdrawal) 2. Positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) |
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What are the three likely outcomes of schizo |
1. Full recovery with patients experiencing mild conditions. 2. Partial recovery and are in and out of treatment facility 3. Permanent hospitalization if symptoms are persistent and severe |
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Is schizo genetic? |
yes it is more prevalent in identical twins that fraternal twins |
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What transmitter is linked with schizo |
dopamine |
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What have CT and MRI scans shown about patients with shizo |
enlarged brain ventricles (unkown if this is cause or result) |
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Neurodevelopment hypothesis |
schizo is caused by various disruption of the normal maturation process of the brain before or at birth |
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what are the three disruptions linked with the neurodevelopment hypothesis |
1. Prenatal exposure to viral infections 2. Prenatal malnutrition 3. Obstetrical complications |
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Expressed Emotion: |
degree to which relatives of schizo patients display emotions towards patient |
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What happens to a patient who returns to a family with high EE |
they are 3 to 4 more times to relapse due to stress |
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Autism: |
impairment of social interaction and communication as well as restricted interests ad activities by the age of 3 |
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Echolalia: |
repeating words |
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What is the prevalence of autism |
about 1% |
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What do most theorists believe is the origin of autism |
biological/gentics |
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What are the three main types of eating disorders |
1. Anorexia 2. Bulimia 3. binge-eating |
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Anorexia : |
intense fear of gaining weight and dangerous measures to lose weight |
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What are the two sub types of anorexia |
1. Restricting type 2. Binge eating type |
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List six types of medical complication that exist with anorexia |
1. Amenorrhea 2. Problems with intestine and stomach 3. Dental problems 4. Osteoporosis 5. Low blood pressure Metabolic disturbances than can trigger cardiac arrest |
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Amenorrhea |
ceasing of period |
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Osteroporosis |
loss of bone density |
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Bulimia: |
engaging in out of control eating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as excessive exercise or throwing up or fasting |
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Medical problems involved with bulimia |
1. cardiac arrhytmias 2. dental problems 3. stomach and intestinal problems 4. metabolic deficiencies |
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Binge-eating Disorder: |
distress-inducing eating binges (leads to overweight and is triggered by stress) |
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What are eating disorders fueled by |
unrealistic cultural standards for weight in the west |
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is eating disorders a genetic |
there is higher concordance rates between identical twins than fraternal twins |
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What are some personality factors involved with anorexia |
1. rigidness, neurotic, emotionally strained and obsessive. |
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What personality factors is bulimia associated with |
1. impulsiveness, sensitivity, and low self-esteem |
