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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality |
a unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaviour -guided by all 6 perspectives of psychology : psychodynamic, biological, behavioural, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural |
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3 parts to personality |
1. Identity: you are like no-one else 2. Behavioural: it is inside you, not the environment 3. Internal: the pattern fits together and has meaning |
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Psychodynamic Perspective |
-developed by freud -the unconscious part of the mind has a huge influence on behaviour ex. conversion hysteria : physical symptoms appear without a physical cause , but instead caused by painful memories or feeling that have been pushed out of consciousness -treated by free association, hypnosis, dream analysis |
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Personality has 3 separate, yet interacting structures |
1. Id: functions on the 'pleasure principle' -immediate satisfaction of needs to reduce tension and discomfort , regardless of consequecnes(run out of class to get dq) 2. Superego: functions on the 'morality principle' -influenced by internalizing our parents values or voices of society -works against Id by inciting feelings of guilt(says you don't need ice-cream) 3. Ego: balances Id and Superego -assesses what is realistically possible to satisfy both(wait after class to get dq) personality =battle of control b/w id, superego, ego |
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Defence Mechanisms |
the weapon of ego -operates unconsciously and causes maladaptive behaviour -7 different mechanisms: Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, Sublimation |
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Repression |
forcing anxiety back into unconscious ex: burying memories of sexual abuse DQ; you eat it, but have no recollection of eating it |
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Denial |
denying the anxiety outright ex: husband/wife avoid signals of marital conflict DQ: you eat the ice-cream but deny that it is unhealthy |
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Rationalization |
creating false reasons/explanizaiton for anxiety in the form of a shortcoming ex: kid who gets caught cheating blames the prof for an unfair exam DQ; eat the ice-cream because I went to the gym today |
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Projection |
seeing unacceptable behaviours in others that reside in one own's consciousness Ex: women who desires of having an affair accuses husband of being unfaithful Dq; seeing people eat ice-cream and think " look at all those weaklings giving into their desires" |
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Displacement |
Taking out anxiety on an innocent party ex: man who is harassed at work goes home and harasses family DQ: dont go out to eat ice-cream, but go home and eat a whole tub of frozen yogurt |
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Reaction Formation |
Reversing the nature of anxiety so it feels like opposite nature ex: mom with hatred for child is overprotective DQ: getting mad at DQ because they have no low-fat icecream |
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Sublimation |
channeling anxiety into socially accepting behaviours DQ: you get a job as an ice-cream taste tester |
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Psychosexual Development |
focuses on specific pleasure sensitive areas in the body (called erogenous zones) -Adult personality is developed by the progression of these stages: 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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Fixation |
arrested development where instincts are focused in a specific area
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Oral stage |
from 0-2 years old -gratification by sucking , biting , and breastfeeding *Fixation: child either becomes overindulgent or super-dependent |
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Anal Stage |
form 2-3 years old -gratification centred around defecation(pooping) Fixation: compulsively clean , rigid rules, messy, or dominant |
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Phallic stage |
from 4-6 years old -uses oedipus and electracomplex -move from sexual attchemtn to opposite sex parent to identify with same sex parent * this stage is a milestone in gender identity |
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Latency |
from 7 years old -period of dormant sexuality (slows down for a period of time) |
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Genital |
Puberty age and up -the formation of social and sexual relationships |
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Analysis of Psychoanalytic theory |
organization of personality -very difficult to test whether the concept of childhood sexuality was rejected or early emotional experiences was overloaded -unconscious processes: do exist and effect us without us knowing -sparked psychoanalysis: many use psychoanalysis to treat mental illness |
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Humanistic Approach |
Freud: emphasized role of the unconscious, potential for creativeness, and self actualization Maslow and Rogers: emphasized on maturations for behaviour -said we have an innate tendency to self actualize Carl Rogers Self theory : said behaviour is not a reaction to unconscious conflicts, but the response to one's conscious experience of self and environment |
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Self concept |
an organized, consistent set of beliefs about oneself -guides our perception and directs our behaviour |
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Psychological Adjustment |
level of adjustment is based on the degree of congruence between self concept and experiences *Maladjustment: denying or distorting reality to be consistent with self concept *healthy adjustment: experiences are easily incorporated with self concept *threat: arises when experiences are inconsistent with self-concept |
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self concept and individuals |
-healthy individuals modify self concept ex. when fabio meets a women who is not into him, he modifies self concept to " Im not irresistible to all women" -Unhealthy individuals deny/distort reality ex: Fabio thinks something is wrong with the women |
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Positive Regard |
-we are born with an innate need for positive regard (acceptance, sympathy, love) |
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Unconditional Positive regard |
is indecent of our behaviour -no matter what we do, we will always be loved |
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Conditional Positive Regard |
is dependent of our behaviour -creates idea in ones mind that they are worthy of love only when certain standards are met -effects our self esteem |
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Self esteem |
how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves *high self esteem: fewer interpersonal problems, more capable of forming loving relationships, and achieve at a higher level *poor self esteem: increased anxiety, poor social relationships, underachieve |
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Self verification |
motivated to confirm self concept -more positive and consistent self descriptions -we are always seeking self confirming relationships |
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Self enhancement |
Strong tendency of one to gain and preserve positive self image -contributes to psychological well being |
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Culture and self concept |
Collectivist : tend to list themselves in terms of social identity ex: "I am a good student" Individualistic: tend to list themselves in terms of their traits and abilities ex. " I am smart" |
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Gender and self concept |
Males: emphasize achievement, strength, and self sufficiency Females: emphasize helpfulness, kindness, and self competencies |
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Trait approach |
-includes factor analysis(finding correlations amount behaviour) -reflects basic dimension or trait -each dimension is part of one's behaviour (extroverted or introverted?) |
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Extroversion -Stability Models |
only 2 dimensions needed -extroverted - introverted: sociable and takes risk vs inhibited and cautious -stable -unstable: emotionally stable and poised vs. excessively worrying and moody -Psychotism - self control : impulsive and socially deviant vs. self control *psychotism = creative, goes against the grain* |
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5 factor model of personality (OCEAN) |
Openness to experience : willingness to accept new experiences and ideas Conscientiousness: tendency to be reliable, disciplined and ambitious Extraversion: Desire for stimulation, activity, and social interaction Agreeableness: a self less concern of others Neurotisim : proneness to anxiety and negative affect |
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Biological Perspective |
brains of extreme introverts: over aroused (minimize stimulation) brains of extreme extroverts : under aroused (maximize stimulation) -stability -instability model: difference in autonomic NS arousal -Novelty seeking : related to levels of dopamine |
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Social Cognitive theories |
behaviour cant be explained by external and internal factors alone, but by : 1. Reciprocal Determinism 2. Self -efficacy 3. Projective tests 4. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Reciprocal Determinism |
links individual behaviour and environment |
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Self efficacy |
- found by Albert Bandura -confidence in ability to execute a specific behaviour necessary for a specific performance Influenced by : past experiences (failures, or successes?), positive/negative environment, observational learning , arousal level |
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Projective tests |
we will give an answer consistent with the inner workings of our mind when asked about meaningless, ambiguous stimuli |
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Rorschah Inkblots
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used to measure how people process info
-creativity, coping resources, emotional processing, relationships |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
set of standardized cards -shown to subjects then subjects are asked what they think the story behind it is |
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Personality assessment |
1. Behavioural assessment : aims to describe specific behaviours, frequencies, specific situations, under what conditions 2. Inter-judge reliability : the high level of agreement among observers 3. Personality scales |
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Personality scales |
objective measures by stands questions and agreed upon keys -Pros: collect a large amount of data about alot of people -Cons: are the questions truthfully answered? *remote behavioural sampling: sample behaviour at random times over days, weeks* Ex of a scale: MMPI-2 -has 567 t/f , 10 clinical scales, 3 validity scales -scales measure personality deviations |
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Jefferey Dahmer's Profile showed he was.... |
high psychopathic deviate: reflects extreme antisocial impulses, incapable of empathy high depression: sense of being doomed to repeat his actions until he gets caught low anxiety: absence of fear which would otherwise stopped muderous behaviour |
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Theory and Assessment |
-Theory is the framework of assessment -assessment provides tools : in psychodynamic: use projective techniques in humanistic: use self report measures in social -cognigitve: use behavioural assessments in biological : use physiological measures *trait theorists: use inventories (like MMPI) |
