Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

Bone Structure

periosteum

Back 1

outer most layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

Front 2

compact bone

Back 2

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

Front 3

cancellous (spongy) bone

Back 3

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

Front 4

endosteum

Back 4

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Front 5

diaphysis

Back 5

shaft of the long bones

Front 6

epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

Back 6

end of each long bone

Front 7

bone marrow

Back 7

material found in the cavities of bones

Front 8

red marrow

Back 8

thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

Front 9

yellow marrow

Back 9

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Front 10

Skeletal Bones

maxilla

Back 10

upper jawbone

Front 11

mandible

Back 11

lower jawbone

Front 12

vertebral column

Back 12

made up of bones called vertebrae/vertebra through which the spinal cord runs

Hint 12

protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for the ribs and muscles

Front 13

cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

Back 13

first set of seven bones, forming the neck

Front 14

thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

Back 14

second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.

Front 15

lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

Back 15

third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

Front 16

sacrum

Back 16

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the hip bones, joint called sacroiliac joints

Front 17

coccyx

Back 17

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Front 18

lamina (pl. laminae)

Back 18

part of the vertebrae arch

Front 19

clavicle

Back 19

collarbone

Front 20

scapula

Back 20

shoulder bone

Front 21

acromion process

Back 21

extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

Front 22

sternum

Back 22

breastbone

Front 23

xiphoid process

Back 23

lower portion of the sternum

Front 24

humerus

Back 24

upper arm bone

Front 25

ulna and radius

Back 25

lower arm bones

Front 26

olecranon process

Back 26

projection at proximal end of the ulna that forms the only bony point of the elbow

Front 27

carpal bones

Back 27

wrist bones

Front 28

metacarpal bones

Back 28

hand bones

Front 29

phalanges (sing. phalanx)

Back 29

finger and toes bones

Front 30

pelvic bone, hip bone

Back 30

made up of tree fused bones together

Front 31

ischium

Back 31

lower, posterior portion on which one sits

Front 32

ilium

Back 32

upper, wing-shaped part on each side

Front 33

pubis

Back 33

anterior portion of the pelvic bones

Front 34

acetabulum

Back 34

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

Front 35

femur

Back 35

upper leg bone

Front 36

tibia and fibula

Back 36

lower leg bone

Front 37

patella (pl. patellae)

Back 37

kneecap

Front 38

tarsal bones

Back 38

ankle bones

Front 39

calcaneus

Back 39

heel bone

Front 40

metatarsal bones

Back 40

foot bones

Front 41

Joints

articular cartilage

Back 41

smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints

Front 42

meniscus

Back 42

crescent shaped cartilage found in the knee

Front 43

intervertebral disk

Back 43

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

Front 44

pubic symphysis

Back 44

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bone come together anteriorly at the midline

Front 45

synovia

Back 45

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities

Front 46

ligament

Back 46

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

Front 47

tendon

Back 47

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Front 48

aponeurosis

Back 48

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscle to bone

Front 49

Muscles

skeletal muscles (also known as striate muscles)

Back 49

attached to bones by tendons and makes body movement if possible

Hint 49

they are also known as voluntary muscle because we have control over these muscles

Front 50

smooth muscles (also known as unstriated muscles)

Back 50

located in the internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract

Hint 50

also called involuntary muscles because the respond to impulses from the autonomic nerve and are not controlled voluntary

Front 51

cardiac muscles (known as myocardium)

Back 51

forms most of the wall of the heart

Hint 51

Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

Front 52

Types of Body Movement

abduction

Back 52

moving away from the midline

Front 53

adduction

Back 53

moving toward the midline

Front 54

inversion

Back 54

turning inward

Front 55

eversion

Back 55

turning outward

Front 56

extension

Back 56

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position

Hint 56

increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

Front 57

flexion

Back 57

movement in which a limb is bent

Hint 57

decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

Front 58

pronation

Back 58

movement that turns the palms downward

Front 59

supination

Back 59

movement that turns the palms upward

Front 60

rotation

Back 60

turning around its own axis

Front 61

Disease and Disorder Terms

ankylosis

Back 61

abnormal condition of stiffness

(often referring to fusion of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)

Hint 61

ankly/osis

stiff/abnormal condition of

Front 62

arthritis

Back 62

inflammation of a joint

(the most common arthritis is osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis)

Hint 62

arthr/itis

joint/inflammation

Front 63

bursitis

Back 63

inflammation of a bursa (cavity)

Hint 63

burs/itis

bursa/inflammation

Front 64

chrondromalacia

Back 64

softening of the cartilage

Hint 64

chrondr/o/malacia

cartilage/softening

Front 65

cranioschisis

Back 65

fissure of the cranium (congenital)

Hint 65

crani/o/schisis

cranium/fissure

Front 66

diskitis

Back 66

inflammation of an intervertebral disk (also spelled discitis)

Hint 66

disk/itis

intervertebral disk/inflammation

Front 67

fibromyalgia

Back 67

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles

(a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue,and disturbed sleep)

Hint 67

fibr/o/my/algia

fibrous tissue/muscle/pain

Front 68

kyphosis

Back 68

abnormal condition of a hump

(also called hunchback or humpback)

Hint 68

kyph/osis

hump/abnormal condition of

Front 69

lordosis

Back 69

abnormal condition of bending forward

(also called swayback)

Hint 69

lord/osis

bent forward/abnormal condition of

Front 70

maxillitis

Back 70

inflammation of the maxilla

Hint 70

maxill/itis

maxilla/inflammation

Front 71

meniscitis

Back 71

inflammation of the meniscus

Hint 71

menisc/itis

meniscus/inflammation

Front 72

myasthenia

Back 72

muscle weakness

Hint 72

my/asthenia

muscle/weakness

Front 73

myeloma

Back 73

tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)

Hint 73

myel/oma

bone marrow/tumor

Front 74

osteitis

Back 74

inflammation of the bone

Hint 74

oste/itis

bone/inflammation

Front 75

osteoarthritis

Back 75

inflammation of the bone and joint

Hint 75

oste/o/arthr/itis

bone/joint/inflammation

Front 76

osteochrondritis

Back 76

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

Hint 76

oste/o/chrondr/itis

bone/cartilage/inflammation

Front 77

osteofibroma

Back 77

tumor of the bone and the fibrous tissue (benign)

Hint 77

oste/o/fibr/oma

bone/fibrous tissue/tumor

Front 78

osteomalacia

Back 78

softening of the bone

Hint 78

oste/o/malacia

bone/softening

Front 79

osteomyelitis

Back 79

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

(caused by bacterial infection)

Hint 79

oste/o/myel/itis

bone/bone marrow/inflammation

Front 80

osteopenia

Back 80

abnormal reduction of bone mass

(caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)

Hint 80

oste/o/penia

bone/abnormal reduction

Front 81

osteopetrosis

Back 81

abnormal condition of stone-like bones

(marble-like bones caused by defective osteoclast resorption of bone)

Hint 81

oste/o/petr/osis

bone/stone/abnormal condition

Front 82

osteosarcoma

Back 82

malignant tumor of the bone

Hint 82

oste/o/sarcoma

bone/malignant tumor

Front 83

polymyositis

Back 83

inflammation of many muscles

Hint 83

poly/myos/itis

many/muscle/inflammation

Front 84

rachischisis

(ra-KIS-ki-sis)

Back 84

fissure of the vertebral column

(also called spinal bifida)

Hint 84

rachi/schisis

vertebral column/fissure

Front 85

rhabdomyolysis

Back 85

dissolution of striated muscle

(caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)

Hint 85

rhabd/o/my/o/lysis

striated/muscle/dissolution

Front 86

sarcopenia

Back 86

abnormal reduction of connective tissue

Hint 86

sarc/o/penia

connective tissue/abnormal reduction of

Front 87

scoliosis

Back 87

abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine)

Hint 87

scoli/osis

curved/abnormal condition of

Front 88

spondylarthritis

Back 88

inflammation of the vertebral joints

(also called spondyloarthritis)

Hint 88

spondyl/arthr/itis

vertebral/joints/inflammation

Front 89

spondylosis

Back 89

abnormal condition of the vertebrae

Hint 89

spondyl/osis

vertebrae/abnormal condition of

Front 90

synoviosarcoma

Back 90

malignant tumor of the synovial membrane

Hint 90

synovi/o/sarcoma

synovial/malignant tumor

Front 91

tendinitis

Back 91

inflammation of the tendon

(also spelled tendonitis)

Hint 91

tendin/itis

tendon/inflammation

Front 92

tenosynovitis

Back 92

inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane

Hint 92

ten/o/syn/o/itis

tendon/synovial membrane/inflammation

Front 93

Disorder and Disease Terms

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 93

form of arthritis the first affects the spine and adjacent structures

Hint 93

also called Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis

Front 94

bunion

Back 94

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe

Hint 94

also called hallux valgus

Front 95

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Back 95

a disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve

Hint 95

symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and fingers

Front 96

Colles fracture

Back 96

type of wrist fracture

Front 97

exostosis

Back 97

abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone

Hint 97

also called spur

Front 98

fracture (fx)

Back 98

broken bone

Front 99

gout

Back 99

disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium rate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints

Front 100

herniated disk

Back 100

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots

Front 101

Lyme disease

Back 101

infection transmitted by a deer

Front 102

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Back 102

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

Front 103

myasthenia gravis (MG)

Back 103

chronic disease characterized by muscles weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve muscle cell

Front 104

osteoporosis

Back 104

abnormal loss of bone density

Hint 104

may lead to fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hops and writs after slight trauma

Front 105

plantar fasciitis

Back 105

inflammation of plantar fascia due to repetitive injury

Front 106

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 106

chronic, systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body

Front 107

spinal stenosis

Back 107

narrowing of the spinal column with the compression of nerve roots

Front 108

spondylolisthesis

Back 108

forward slipping of the vertebra one another

Front 109

Surgical Terms

aponeurorrhaphy

Back 109

suturing of an aponeurosis

Hint 109

aponeur/o/rrhaphy

aponeurosis/suturing

Front 110

arthrocentesis

Back 110

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint

Hint 110

arthr/o/centesis

joint/surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

Front 111

arthroclasia

Back 111

(surgical) breaking of a (stiff) joint

Hint 111

arthr/o/clasia

joint/break

Front 112

arthrodesis

Back 112

surgical fixation of a joint

(also called joint fusion)

Hint 112

arthr/o/desis

joint/surgical fixation

Front 113

arthroplasty

Back 113

surgical repair of a joint

Hint 113

arthr/o/pathy

joint/surgical repair

Front 114

bursectomy

Back 114

excision of a bursa

Hint 114

burs/ectomy

bursa/excision

Front 115

carpectomy

Back 115

excision of a carpal bone

Hint 115

carp/ectomy

carpal/excision

Front 116

chondrectomy

Back 116

excision of a cartilage

Hint 116

chondr/ectomy

cartilage/excision

Front 117

chondroplasty

Back 117

surgical repair of a cartilage

Hint 117

chondr/o/plasty

cartilage/surgical repair

Front 118

costectomy

Back 118

excision of a rib

Hint 118

cost/ectomy

rib/excision

Front 119

cranioplasty

Back 119

surgical repair of the skull

Hint 119

crani/o/plasty

skull/surgical repair

Front 120

craniotomy

Back 120

excision into the cranium

(as for surgery of the brain)

Hint 120

crani/o/tomy

cranium/excision

Front 121

diskectomy

Back 121

excision of an intervertebral disk

(a portion of the side is removed to relieve pressure on a nerve roots) also spelled discectomy

Hint 121

disk/ectomy

intervertebral disk/excision

Front 122

laminectomy

Back 122

excision of a lamina

(often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots int the lower spine caused by a herniated disk and other conditions)

Hint 122

lamin/ectomy

lamina/excision

Front 123

maxillectomy

Back 123

excision of the maxilla

Hint 123

maxill/ectomy

maxilla/excision

Front 124

meniscectomy

Back 124

excision of the meniscus

(performed for a torn cartilage)

Hint 124

menis/ectomy

meniscus/excision

Front 125

myorrhaphy

Back 125

suturing of a muscle

Hint 125

my/o/rrhaphy

muscle/suturing

Front 126

ostectomy

Back 126

excision of bone

Hint 126

ost/ectomy

bone/excision

Front 127

osteoclasis

Back 127

(surgical) breaking of a bone

(to correct a deformity)

Hint 127

oste/o/clasis

bone/break

Front 128

patellectomy

Back 128

excision of the patella

Hint 128

patell/ectomy

patella/excision

Front 129

phalangectomy

Back 129

excision of a finger or toe bone

Hint 129

phalang/ectomy

finger or toes bone/excision

Front 130

rachiotomy

Back 130

incision into the vertebral column

Hint 130

rachi/o/tomy

vertebral column/incision

Front 131

spondylosyndesis

Back 131

fusing together of the vertebrae

(also called spinal fusion)

Hint 131

spondyl/o/syn/desis

vertebrae/together/fusion

Front 132

synovectomy

Back 132

excision of the synovial membrane

Hint 132

synov/ectomy

synovial membrane/excision

Front 133

tarsectomy

Back 133

excision of (one or more) tarsal bones

Hint 133

tars/ectomy

tarsal bone/excision

Front 134

tenomyoplasty

Back 134

surgical repair of the tendon and muscle

Hint 134

ten/o/my/o/plasty

tendon/muscle/surgical repair

Front 135

tenorrhaphy

Back 135

suturing of a tendon

Hint 135

ten/o/rrhaphy

tendon/suturing

Front 136

vertebroplasty

Back 136

surgical repair of a vertebra

Hint 136

vertebr/o/plasty

vertebra/surgical repair

Front 137

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

arthrography

Back 137

radiographic imaging of a joint

Hint 137

arthr/o/graphy

joint/radiographic imaging

Front 138

ENDOSCOPY

arthroscopy

Back 138

visual examination of a joint

Hint 138

arthr/o/scopy

joint/visual examination

Front 139

OTHER

electromyogram (EMG)

Back 139

record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle

Hint 139

electr/o/my/o/gram

electrical activity/muscle/record

Front 140

Complementary Terms

arthralgia

Back 140

pain in the joint

Hint 140

arthr/algia

joint/pain

Front 141

atrophy

Back 141

without development (process of wasting away)

Hint 141

a/trophy

no meaning/development

Front 142

bradykinesia

Back 142

slow movement

Hint 142

brady/kinesia

slow/movement

Front 143

carpal

Back 143

pertaining to the wrist

Hint 143

carp/al

wrist/pertaining to

Front 144

clavicular

Back 144

pertaining to the clavicle

Hint 144

clavicul/ar

clavicle/pertaining to

Front 145

costochondral

Back 145

pertaining to the ribs and cartilage

Hint 145

cost/o/chondr/al

rib/cartilage/pertaining to

Front 146

dyskinesia

Back 146

difficult movement

Hint 146

dys/kinesia

difficult/movement

Front 147

dystrophy

Back 147

abnormal development

Hint 147

dys/trophy

abnormal/development

Front 148

femoral

Back 148

pertaining to the femur

Hint 148

femor/al

femur/pertaining to

Front 149

humeral

Back 149

pertaining to the humerus

Hint 149

humer/al

humerus/pertaining to

Front 150

hyperkinesia

Back 150

excessive movement (overactive)

Hint 150

hyper/kinesia

excessive/movement

Front 151

hypertrophy

Back 151

excessive development

Hint 151

hyper/trophy

excessive/development

Front 152

iliofemoral

Back 152

pertaining to the ilium and femur

Hint 152

ili/o/femor/al

ilium/femur/pertaining to

Front 153

intercostal

Back 153

pertaining to between the ribs

Hint 153

inter/cost/al

between/rib/pertaining to

Front 154

intervertebral

Back 154

pertaining to between the vertebrae

Hint 154

inter/vertebr/al

between/vertebrae/pertaining to

Front 155

intracranial

Back 155

pertaining to within the cranium

Hint 155

intra/crani/al

within/cranium/pertaining to

Front 156

ischiofibular

Back 156

pertaining to the ischium and fibula

Hint 156

ischi/o/fibul/ar

ischium/fibula/pertaining to

Front 157

ischiopubic

Back 157

pertaining to the ischium and pubis

Hint 157

ischi/o/pub/ic

ischium/pubis/pertaining to

Front 158

lumbar

Back 158

pertaining to the loins

(the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis

Hint 158

lumb/ar

loin/pertaining to

Front 159

lumbocostal

Back 159

pertaining to between the loin and ribs

Hint 159

lumb/o/cost/al

loin/rib/pertaining to

Front 160

lumbosacral

Back 160

pertaining to the lumbar region (loins) and the sacrum

Hint 160

lumb/o/sacr/al

loin/scarum/pertaining to

Front 161

myalgia

Back 161

pain in muscle

Hint 161

my/algia

muscle/pain

Front 162

osteoblast

Back 162

developing bone cell

Hint 162

oste/o/blast

bone/developing cell

Front 163

osteocyte

Back 163

bone cell

Hint 163

oste/o/cyte

bone/cell

Front 164

osteonecrosis

Back 164

abnormal condition of bone death

(due to lack of blood supply)

Hint 164

oste/o/necr/osis

bone/death/abnormal condition

Front 165

pelvic

Back 165

pertaining to the pelvis

Hint 165

pelv/ic

pelvis/pertaining to

Front 166

pelvisacral

Back 166

pertaining to the pelvis and sacrum

Hint 166

pelv/i/sacr/al

pelvis/sacrum/pertaining to

Front 167

pubic

Back 167

pertaining to the pubis

Hint 167

pub/ic

pubis/pertaining to

Front 168

pubofemoral

Back 168

pertaining to the pubis and femur

Hint 168

pub/o/fermor/al

pubis/femur/pertaining to

Front 169

radial

Back 169

pertaining to the radius

Hint 169

radi/al

radius/pertaining to

Front 170

sacral

Back 170

pertaining to the sacrum

Hint 170

sacr/al

sacrum/pertaining to

Front 171

sternoclavicular

Back 171

pertaining to the sternum and clavicle

Hint 171

stern/o/clavicul/ar

sternum/clavicle/pertaining to

Front 172

sternoid

Back 172

resembling the sternum

Hint 172

stern/oid

sternum/resembling

Front 173

subcostal

Back 173

pertaining to below the rib

Hint 173

sub/cost/al

below/rib/pertaining to

Front 174

submandibular

Back 174

pertaining to below the mandible

Hint 174

sub/mandibul/ar

below/mandible/pertaining to

Front 175

submaxillary

Back 175

pertaining to below the maxilla

Hint 175

sub/maxill/ary

below/maxilla/pertaining to

Front 176

subscapular

Back 176

pertaining to below the scapula

Hint 176

sub/scapul/ar

below/scapula/pertaining to

Front 177

substernal

Back 177

pertaining to below the sternum

Hint 177

sub/stern/al

below/sternum/pertaining to

Front 178

suprascapular

Back 178

pertaining to above the scapula

Hint 178

supra/scapul/ar

above/scapula/pertaining to

Front 179

symphysis

Back 179

growing together

(as in symphysis pubis)

Hint 179

sym/physis

together/growth

Front 180

tibial

Back 180

pertaining to the tibia

Hint 180

tibi/al

tibia/pertaining to

Front 181

ulnoradial

Back 181

pertaining to the ulna and radius

Hint 181

uln/o/radi/al

ulna/radius/pertaining to

Front 182

vertebrocostal

Back 182

pertaining to the vertebrae and ribs

Hint 182

vertebr/o/cost/al

vertebrae/rib/pertaining to

Front 183

Complementary Terms

chiropodist, podiatrist

Back 183

specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot

Hint 183

foot specialist

Front 184

chiropractic

Back 184

system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column

Front 185

chiropractor

Back 185

specialist in chiropractic

Front 186

crepitus

Back 186

crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint

Hint 186

crackling and grating sound

Front 187

orthopedics (ortho)

Back 187

study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

Front 188

orthopedist

Back 188

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

Front 189

orthotics

Back 189

making and fitting of orthopedic appliances

Front 190

orthotist

Back 190

person who specializes in orthotics

Front 191

osteoclast

Back 191

type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals

Hint 191

maintains healthy bone tissue with osteoblast

Front 192

osteopath (DO)

Back 192

physician who specializes in osteopathy

Front 193

osteopathy

Back 193

system of medicine that places a greater emphasis on the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system

Front 194

prosthesis (pl. prostheses)

Back 194

artificial substitution for a missing body part

Front 195

rheumatologist

Back 195

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of rheumatic diseases

Front 196

rheumatology

Back 196

study and treatment of rheumatic diseases