Chapter 13 Nervous System

Front 1

Nervous system functions

Back 1

•Communication

•sends signal from outside to brain

•command body to react

•gather info and interpret what is important and what is not

Front 2

Functional organization

Back 2

1. Sensory input/Afferent

2.Integration

3.Motor output/efferent

Front 3

Structural Organization

Back 3

•Central Nervous System(CNS), •Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

Front 4

What is the CNS made up of? PNS?

Back 4

CNS made of: Brain & Spinal cord

•PNS made of: Nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord;

•Communication roadways that link the body to the brain and vice versa. Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Ganglia

Front 5

Afferent/Sensory

Back 5

•Transmits signal towards CNS from PNS, Sensory receptors perceive stimuli (internal & external) throughout the body, send info to the brain. (Temperature, Pain, Stretch)

Front 6

Efferent/Motor

Back 6

•Transmits signals away from CNS towards PNS, Signals from the brain that travel to effector organs to elicit an effect.

Front 7

5 divisions of the PNS:

1)Somatic sensory division

Back 7

•Afferent signals originating from the skin, articulations, and SKM

•Stimulated to perceive: touch, Pain, pressure, vibration, and temperature

Front 8

5 divisions of the PNS:

2)Special Sensory Division

Back 8

•Afferent signal originating from eyes, nose, ears, and mouth, and balance

•Special senses: Vision, Smell, hearing, equilibrium and taste

Front 9

5 divisions of the PNS:

3) Visceral sensory division

Back 9

•Afferent signals originating from the viscera/internal organs

•Stimulated to perceive: stretch, Pain, temperature, hunger, nausea, etc

Front 10

5 divisions of the PNS:

4)Somatic motor division/ Voluntary Nervous system

Back 10

•Signals that controls SKM

•Voluntary

Front 11

5 divisions of the PNS:

5)Visceral Motor division/ Autonomic Nervous System

Back 11

•Signals that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

•Involuntary

Front 12

What is a neuron?

Back 12

•Neurons are highly specialized, excitable cells that transmit electrical signals.

Front 13

What are neuron functions?

Back 13

•Conducts electric signals along their plasma membrane = Nerve impulse/ action potential

•Highly metabolic rate - ton calories, 2nd most

•Extreme longevity

•Cannot undergo mitosis but axons can regenerate if damaged

• Can stimulate other neurons, muscle tissue, and glands

Front 14

Supporting cells:

Sensory/afferent

Back 14

Transmits signal towards CNS from PNS

Front 15

Supporting cells:

Motor/ efferent

Back 15

Transmits signals away from CNS towards PNS

Front 16

Supporting cells:

Interneurons/ association neurons

Back 16

•Between Afferent and efferent

•Confined within the CNS

Front 17

Supporting cells:

Neuroglia/ Glial cells

Back 17

4 types in CNS; 2 types in PNS

Front 18

Supporting cells of the CNS:

1)Astrocytes

Back 18

•Combine with brain capillaries to form the blood brain barrier: protects the brain from pathogens

•Controls the chemical composition surrounding neurons; ensures that neurons can respond to stimulus

•Provide 3D framework for CNS; structural support and mechanical strength

Front 19

Supporting cells of the CNS:

2. Microglia

Back 19

•Immune cells of the CNS

•Phagocytosis of pathogens and dead neurons

Front 20

Supporting cells of the CNS:

3. Ependymal

Back 20

•Ciliated cells that circulate cerebro spinal fluid

Front 21

Supporting cells of the CNS:

4. Oligodendrocytes

Back 21

•Produces Myelin Sheath

Front 22

Supporting Cells of PNS:

1. Satellite cells

Back 22

•Organize somas inside the ganglion

•Regulate nutrient and waste exchange between the neurons in the ganglion and the interstitial fluid

Front 23

Supporting Cells of PNS:

2. Neurolemmocytes/Schwann cells

Back 23

•Produce Myelin Sheath

•Repair damaged axons

Front 24

What is the myelin sheath?

Back 24

•Segmented structures that surround some axons.

•Provides insulations/Prevents signal from leaking

•Increase conduction speed by facilitating the jumping of electric signal from node to node

•This method of conduction reduces the ATP requirements

Front 25

Neuron organization

Back 25

•There are 20 billion interneurons

•Organized in neuronal pools: Groups of neuron specific to a function

•Pools communicate through circuits

Front 26

Glossary:

Synapse

Back 26

Junction where a neuron stimulates/ inhabits another

Front 27

Glossary:

Proprioception

Back 27

Sensing ones own body/ knowing where you are in space

Front 28

Parasympathetic

Back 28

•Rest & digest

Front 29

Sympathetic

Back 29

•Fight or flight

Front 30

Circuit arrangements:

Divergence

Back 30

•Amplification

•one neuron > many

Front 31

Circuit arrangements:

Convergence

Back 31

•Many to one

Front 32

Circuit arrangements:

Serial

Back 32

•In sequence (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Front 33

Circuit arrangements:

Parallel Processing

Back 33

•Simultaneous processing

Front 34

Circuit arrangements:

Reverbernation

Back 34

•Stimulates the same process/ repeats

•Positive feedback