Chapter 13 Learning And Memory

Front 1

Perceptual learning

Back 1

learning to recognize a particular stimulus

Front 2

Stimulus-response learning

Back 2

learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical + instrumental cond.

Front 3

Classical conditioning

Back 3

CR, CS, UR, US

Front 4

Hebb rule

Back 4

cellular basis of learning, strengthening of a synapse that is active when the postsynaptic neuron fires – “fire together wire together”

Front 5

Instrumental conditioning

Back 5

operant conditioning, reward/punishment enforces a specific behavior

Front 6

Reinforcing stimulus

Back 6

reinforces behavior, (vs. punishing stimulus)

Front 7

Motor learning

Back 7

learning to make a new response

Front 8

spatial learning

Back 8

learning relative locations

Front 9

episodic learning

Back 9

learning order of shit

Front 10

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 10

long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by the repeated high-frequency activity of input

Front 11

Hippocampal formation

Back 11

Recordings of potential strength in dentate gyrus, measure strength of LTP

Front 12

Population EPSP

Back 12

concurrent stimulation of strong and weak potentials strengthens the weak ones

Front 13

Associative long-term potentiaion

Back 13

specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor controlling a calcium channel typically blocked by Mg ions, involved in LTP (447)

Front 14

NMDA receptors

Back 14

2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, a drug that blocks NMDA receptors

Front 15

AP5

Back 15

action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells

Front 16

Dendritic spike

Back 16

ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; produces EPSPs when open

Front 17

AMPA receptor

Back 17

ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; produces EPSPs when open

Front 18

Nitric oxide synthase

Back 18

enzyme responsible for producing NO, which may be a retrograde stimulus

Front 19

Long-term depression (LTD)

Back 19

long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized

Front 20

Short-term memory

Back 20

memory lasting a few seconds

Front 21

CaM KII

Back 21

Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of LTPs

Front 22

Delayed matching to sample task

Back 22

stimulus, wait time, several new stimuli, which one did I see?

Front 23

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Back 23

a group of dopamnergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems > reinforcement

Front 24

Nucleus accumbens

Back 24

a nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention

Front 25

Anterograde amnesia

Back 25

memento

Front 26

Retrograde amnesia

Back 26

amnesia for events causing trauma

Front 27

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Back 27

permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage from malnutrition or boozing

Front 28

Consolidation

Back 28

process by which short-term memories are converted into long term memories

Front 29

Declarative memory

Back 29

memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past

Front 30

Nondeclarative memory

Back 30

memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; collective term for perceptual, stimulus response and motor memory

Front 31

Perirhinal cortex

Back 31

a region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain

Front 32

Parahippocampal cortex

Back 32

perirhinal cortex’s buddy

Front 33

Episodic memory

Back 33

memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a context

Front 34

Semantic memory

Back 34

memory of facts and general information

Front 35

Semantic dementia

Back 35

loss of semantic memories caused by progressive degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal lobes

Front 36

place cell

Back 36

a neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment, most typically found in the hippocampal formation

Front 37

reconsolidation

Back 37

consolidation of a memory after the original consolidation that can be triggered by reminder of the original stimulus > rewriting memories