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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blumer 1986 Symbolic Interactionism |
1. ppl act toward the human and nonhuman objects in their lives according to the meaning those objects have for them 2. These meanings mere from interactions among ppl 3. meaning of objects learned in this manner are applied and occasionally modified as individuals interpret how objects and their meanings fit in a particular social situations, the people in them and their reasons for being there |
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Labeling Process |
- deviance is not a quality of the act but of the label that others attach to it - who applied the label and who is labelled - the application of a label and the response of others to a label may result in a person becoming committed to a deviant identity |
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Career |
- deviant or legitimate, is the passage of an individual through recognized stages in one or more related identities - careers are further composed of adjustments, interpretations of, contingencies and turning points - careers in youth crime are likely to be prolonged affect certain turning points |
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Primary Deviation |
- occurs when an individual commits deviant acts but fails to adopt a primary self identity as deviant -produces little change in one's everyday routine or lifestyle- engages in it infrequently and has few practical problems when performing it - eg. person who occasionally smokes weed - PD occurs sometime between first deviant act and some indefinite point at which deviance becomes a way of life |
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Drift |
- psychological state of weak normative attachment to either deviant or conventional ways |
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Matza's Subterranean Traditions |
- satisfaction in drinking, smoking, renouncing work, being touch -young offenders and adults, social control has failed them - failure occurs because it is important for deviant individuals to enjoy good standing with their friends |
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Good standing |
- attained by honouring and practicing the marginal or subterranean traditions - the quest for honour among peers helps explain how entire groups of youth, being in touch with school and home were valued MUCH LESS |
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Moral Rhetoric |
- the set of claims and assertions deviants make to justify their deviant behaviour - MR of a group is an important component of socialization into a deviant identity - each rhetoric consists of set of guiding principles, sometimes logically inconsistent and always selectively applied according to the social situations in which youths find themselves |
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Rhetoric of Egoism |
- used by those who still feel guilty about their deviant acts - eg. claiming they steal in response to the greek of shop owner who's prices are unfair |
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Instrumental Rhetoric |
- justify their acts by using the cunning and power they bring to bear against people who are otherwise more powerful and uncontrollable Eg. fraud, deceit and violence |
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Value Commitment |
-attitude toward an identity one that develops when a person gains exceptional rewards from assuming that identity - during PD young offenders drift in part because they lack value commitment |
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Agents of social control - Moral Entrepreneurs |
AOSC- those members of society who help check deviant behaviour- police, judges, lawmakers, prison personnel, probation officers ME-- ordinary citizens and lawmakers -someone who defines new rules and laws or who advocates stricter enforcement of existing laws |
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Rule Creator (Becker) |
- crusading reformer who's dissatisfaction with existing rules is acute and campaigns for legal change and sometimes for attitudinal change intended to lead to proper behaviour |
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The Claim's Making Activities of Entrepreneurs |
1. They assert the existence of a particular condition, situation or state of affairs in which human action is a cause 2. They define the asserted condition as offensive, harmful or otherwise problematic to society 3. They stimulate public scrutiny of the condition as the claims makers see it |
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Ethnic Groups |
- group of individuals having a common, Distinctive subculture -not RACE- ethnic implies that values, norms, behaviour and language and not necessarily physical appearance are important distinguishing features -Ethnic groups often caught in the web of social control and labelled deviant |
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Becker on Deviance |
Deviance is not a quality of the act, the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied - application of deviance is sometimes biased - those publicly labeled deviant generally face some sort of community/ societal reactions to their misdeeds |
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Stigma |
- black mark, or disgrace associated with a deviant identity - part of the societal reaction- collective construction by agents of social control and ordinary members of community of the supposed nature of the unlawful act and the person perpetrating it |
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Goffman, Link, Phelan |
- the collective image of stigma is constructed from social, physical, or psychological attributes the deviant is believed to possess - IMPUTED possession of the attributes by society is far more important than the ACTUAL posession |
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Watson and Wolf Motorcycle Gangs |
- their members had a mentality and background noticeably different from that imputed to them by general public - they were not hostile, had education, family |
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Secondary Deviation |
- occurs when deviants see that their behaviour has substantially modified their ways of living - strong desire to deviate can foster this redefinition of one's deviant activities - accusations of deviance are typically the most influential factor behind the redefinition - being labelled by authorities as something forces the deviant to change their lifestyle |
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Lemert 1972 |
- Secondary deviant is a person who's life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance |
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Lifestyle |
distinctive set of shared patterns, organized around a set of coherent interests- explain and justified by set of related values that under certain conditions becomes the basis for a common social identity |
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how to get to 2nd deviance |
primary deviance---> societal reaction----> secondary deviance |
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Master Status |
- the status overriding all others in perceived importance - whatever other personal os social qualities individuals possess they are judged primarily by this ONE attributes |
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Liberman, Kirk, Kideuk |
- first arrests increased the likelihood of both subsequent offending and subsequent arrest |
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Interaction between Labelled Deviant and Organized Deviant Groups |
- those who gain entrance to a deviant group learn from that group how to cope with problems associated with their deviance -They acquire rationalizations for values and attitudes - the existence of rationalizations points to the fact that some deviants feel the need to deal with certain conventional attitudes |
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CONTD |
-not all deviants are members of the group- some reject the label of deviant during certain phases of their career - some may try to re enter conventional life |
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Career Contingency |
- an unintended event, process or situation that occurs by change, beyond the control of the person pursuing the career - CC emanate from changes in the deviants environment or personal circumstance or both - movement through career is affected by contingencies the deviant meets |
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Cohen 1965 Career Contingency/ Agent- Deviant Interaction |
ALTER (agents of social control) respond to the action of the EGO (deviant) - Ego in turn responds to alter's reaction - alter then responds to his perception of ego's reaction to him - as a result, ego's opportunity structure is in some way modified: either more or fewer legitimate or illegitimate opportunities |
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Continuance Commitment |
- adherence to a criminal or other identity arising from the unattractiveness or unavailability of alternative lifestyles -the awareness of the impossibility of choosing a different social identity because of the imminence of penalties involved in making the switch - describing the penalties accrued from renouncing the deviant identity and trying to adopt a conventional identity - penalties may be structural or personal |
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Stebbin 1976 |
- study of male, non professional property offenders in Newfoundland, revealed a number of commitment related penalties -ex offenders with prison records had difficulty finding jobs, they also had debt before going to jail |
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Continuance commitment study cont'd |
- the ex offender experiences a string of penalties from another perspective is a set of expressions of societal reaction -teens and young adults who fail to drift out of crime into more conventional way of life drift into a more SOLID commitment to crime - once prison record is acquired, after several years of SECONDARY DEV, continuance commitment develops - mos deviants in this stage appear to be trapped in a self degrading form of continuance commitment |
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Self Enhancing Commitment |
- commitment to a better opinion of one's self - they are more or less compelled to retain their non conformist role- little motivation for them to leave it for reasons of self conception |
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Self Degrading Commitment |
- commitment leading to a poorer opinion of one's self - individual has numerous alternatives - have the objective alternative of redefining the values and penalties associated with their committed identity, such hat they become attached to them |
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Alternatives to Self Degrading Commitment |
-adjust psychological to it depending on how strong a motivating force the current state of self degrading commitment actually is to them -self defeating and self perpetuating deviance- alcoholism, drug addition, vicious circle of cause and effect - if the desire to escape SDC is strong, none of the alternatives appeal to the individual, suicide is a prominent alternative. |
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Matza West, Wolfgang |
- delinquents usually end their deviant careers at maturation - many adult criminals mature out of their antisocial ways- relationship, job they enjoy or want to settle down |
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Differential Association (Edwin Sutherland) |
- crime is like any other social behaviour it is learned in association with others - if individuals regularly associate with criminals in relative isolation from law abiding citizens, they are more likely to engage in crime - They learn relevant skills for committing crime and ideas for justifying and normalizing it |
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10 Factors of Differential Association |
1. it's MICRO level 2. people learn how to engage in crime 3. learn how to be criminal through ASSOCIATIONS with other criminals 4. Technique is learned to commit crimes 5. Antisocial Attitude is also learned 6. Attitude is learned through others who have antisocial attitudes and failing to associate with those who don't have AA 7. all learning takes place in small intimate face to face groups 8. which vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity 9. learning criminal behaviour is exactly the same as learning any other non criminal behaviour 10. MOST criminal behaviour tries to reach the exact same goals as non criminals. No different than us really |
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Factors that Dilute the importance of Differential Association |
- Drift, Primary deviance- indicate that deviant motives and meanings are often gradually learned and tentatively applied and modified over time in interactions with both deviants and non deviants - Motives and meanings are not mere causal antecedents of crime - symbolic interactionism- directing our attention to the motives and meanings operating in the situations in which crimes are commited |
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Major Contribution of Differential Association |
- highlighted the importance during the criminal career of TIES TO DEVIANT PEERS - having young offenders as friends in one of the strongest correlates of deviant behaviour - gang membership contributes to delinquency above and beyond the influence associating with deviant peers |
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Daniel Wolf- Anthropologist who rode with the Rebels Biker Gang |
- observed tat the willingness of peers to stand up for one another can be crucial for maintaining power when faced with violent opposition from competitors - when a biker defends his colours he defends his personal identity, community and lifestyle - when turf is at stake they have no common bonds with others as being a biker and brother kills brother |
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Criminal Identity |
- social category into which deviants are placed by others in the community and into which, they eventually place themselves - based on a criteria and also community identification of people. which tends to be highly persuasive even for the deviant - once deviant ties are forged and non deviant ties are weakened, socializing potential of Differential association begins to take effect |
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Limitations of Interactionist Theories 3 Critiques of Interactionist Theory 1. Neo- Marxist critique |
- IT fails to relate crime and other forms of deviance to the larger society -fails to account for historical and contemporary political and economic interests - they overlook the division between the powerful and the powerless -powerFUL members of society also violate laws- the concept of Moral Entrepreneurs and falsely accused deviants suggest interactions have SOME understanding of power differences |
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2. Empiricist Critique Glasner 3 weaknesses in labelling theory |
A. interactionists only labelled deviants those who have been officially identified has having deviated. Community labelling makes no practical difference to the individual B. labelling as a cause of defiance is inadequately conceptualized. Interactionists view labels as interpretations not causes. a label is a career contingency, event or process interpreted by the deviants as having a significant impact on their moral careers C. Labelling theory lacks testable propositions. They hold that quantitative statistical testing is the only definitive way to confirm propositions |
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3. Ethno- Methodological Critique |
- main problem with labelling theory is that it neglects the question- how do ppl make sense of their world? |
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Ethno methodology |
- the study of people;s practices or methods - does not see the world as an objective reality but something people constantly build and rebuild through thoughts and actions - try to uncover methods and practices ppl use to create their world |
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Phenomenology |
- the study of how we perceive and understand the objects and events of reality |
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Keel 2000 |
- ethane methodology suggests that deviance and deviant are not independent of the ways ppl socially construct the meaning of the situations in which they find themselves in daily life -3 key processes to understanding how deviant labels and categories are created: interpretation, typification, and negotiation - interactionists accused of ignoring the ways in which conventional world identifies and classifies morally offensive individuals and their behaviour |
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Implications |
- most profound implication of IT - it offers unique perspective on deviance- enhancing the understanding of it - calls attention to the deviant career as a process that helps explain deviance beyond it's initial cause |
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Practical Level |
- stresses the damaging effects of the deviant label 1. the label makes re-entry into community problematic- non deviants inclined to avoid deviants 2. labels colour the judgements many people make of those who are labelled. Labels are names for stereotyped images |
