Chapter 13 Brain And Behavior

Front 1

What is Learning?

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior produced by experience

Front 2

Learning involves changes in what?

Back 2

The nervous system

Front 3

What produces changes in the nervous system when learning?

Back 3

experiences

Front 4

Nervous system changes after learning are what?

Back 4

Physical

Front 5

Learning allows us to adapt what?

Back 5

Behaviors to the environment

Front 6

Leaning involves interactions between what?

Back 6

motor, sensory and memory systems

Front 7

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

Back 7

Habituation and Sensitization

Front 8

What is Habituation?

Back 8

A decrease in responding due to successive stimulus presentations.

Front 9

What is Sensitization?

Back 9

An increase in responding due to successive stimulus presentations.

Front 10

Summarize Habituation?

Back 10

Stimulus change effects are stimulus specific
Time effects fade with time
Stimulus freq. effects are stronger with higher freq. pres.
Stimulus intensity effects stronger with low inten. stimuli

Front 11

Summarize Sensitization?

Back 11

Stimulus change effects are stimulus independent.
Time effects fade over time.
Stimulus freq. effects stronger with higher freq. pres.
Stimulus intensity effects stronger with high inten. stim.

Front 12

What mechanism controls Habituation?

Back 12

S-R system (horizontal process)

Front 13

What is the S-R system Reflex Arc?

Back 13

Afferent neuron-interneuron-efferent neuron

Front 14

What is the mechanism that controls Sensitization?

Back 14

State System (Vertical process)

Front 15

What is the State System?

Back 15

all other neural processes that are not integral to the S-R system but influences the responsivity of the S-R system.

Front 16

What is the net responding?

Back 16

The additive effect of both the S-R system and the State System.

Front 17

What is the proposed function of Habituation?

Back 17

Functions to reduce responding to irrelevant or constant stimuli

Front 18

What is the proposed function of Sensitization?

Back 18

Functions to prepare the organism to respond given the current environmental circumstances.

Front 19

Perceptual Memory is related to what?

Back 19

Perceptual Learning

Front 20

What is perceptual learning?

Back 20

Recognition of stimuli experienced.

Front 21

What is motor learning?

Back 21

Changes in neural circuit that controls a particular behavior.

Front 22

What is Perceptual learning system?

Back 22

Changes in neural circuit that detects a particular stimulus.

Front 23

What is an overview of learning?

Back 23

stimulus-perceptual learning-S-R learning-motor learning-response.

Front 24

What are the two best examples of associative learning?

Back 24

Classical conditioning and Operant (Instrumental) conditioning.

Front 25

What is classical conditioning?

Back 25

involves making connections between 2 forms of stimuli unconditioned and conditioned.

Front 26

What is unconditioned (us)?

Back 26

Stimuli that reliably invokes a response. Meat Powder. The response is unconditioned response (UCR). Salivation

Front 27

What is Conditioned (CS)?

Back 27

neutral: does not provoke the response: The response is (CR). Clicker.

Front 28

What are the steps of classical conditioning?

Back 28

The CS and UCS are paired over many trial.

Front 29

What is the test of learning with classical conditioning?

Back 29

Does the CS alone produce a response?

Front 30

What is Operant (Instrumental) conditioning?

Back 30

involves an association between a response and a consequent stimulus.

Front 31

What are the two factors involved in operant conditioning?

Back 31

Reinforcement and Punishment.

Front 32

What is reinforcement?

Back 32

Responses that are followed by favorable consequences (reinforcing stimuli) are more likely to occur in the future.

Front 33

What is punishment?

Back 33

Responses that are followed by unfavorable consequences (punishing stimuli) are less likely to occur in the future.

Front 34

What are the two biological constraints of learning?

Back 34

Instinctive Drift and Preparedness.

Front 35

What is instinctive drift?

Back 35

An organism's innate response tendencies interfere with the conditioning process.

Front 36

What is preparedness?

Back 36

species specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. example. Conditioned taste aversion.

Front 37

What is Relational Learning?

Back 37

involves connections between individual stimuli.

Front 38

What are examples of Relational learning?

Back 38

Forming an association between the image of an object and the sounds of that object.

Front 39

Knowing the content of a space and the relationship between the objects in that space is what sort of learning?

Back 39

Spatial and relational

Front 40

Remembering sequences of events is what sort of learning?

Back 40

Episodic and relational

Front 41

Viewing and recalling the actions of another person is what sort of learning?

Back 41

observational and relational

Front 42

Who was HM?

Back 42

He had his hippocampus removed?

Front 43

How did HM respond to having hippocampus removed?

Back 43

moderate retrograde amnesia for events 1-3 years prior to operation. Anterograde amnesia-could not remember events after the operation.

Front 44

What two processes of memory were involved in HM's case?

Back 44

declarative and procedural

Front 45

What is declarative memory and what was HM's like after surgery?

Back 45

the ability to speak about memory in words. HM had a deficit.

Front 46

What is procedural memory and what was HM's like after surgery?

Back 46

is the ability to develop motor skills. Hm's was intact.

Front 47

What is the Hebb Rule?

Back 47

argued that synapses that are active at the same time that a postsynaptic neuron fires, are strengthened over time.

Front 48

What does the Hebb Rule imply?

Back 48

repeated neural activity will produce physical changes in the nervous system.

Front 49

Describe LTP

Back 49

Calcium entery into dendritic spine
Increase in NMDA/AMPA receptors
No feedback onto presynaptic cell
Increased glutamate release.

Front 50

Describe the process of perforated synapses?

Back 50

After long term potentiation the dendritic spine perforates the synapse creating two receptor sites.

Front 51

What does the hippocampus do?

Back 51

Input to the entorhinal cortex and synapses onto granual cells in the dentate gyrus.

Front 52

What is another term for the synapses onto the granual cells in the dentate gyrus?

Back 52

The perforant path.

Front 53

How are long-term memories consolidated?

Back 53

Meaningful and emotional experiences enhance memory consolidation.

Front 54

What happens during memory consolidation?

Back 54

increases in cortisol and epinephrine.

Front 55

What does epinephrine stimulate in memory consolidation?

Back 55

The vagus nerve

Front 56

What does the vagus nerve excite in memory consolidation?

Back 56

cells in the brain stem.

Front 57

What do cells in the brains stem activate in memory consolidation?

Back 57

the amygdala and hippocampus

Front 58

What are the applications of memory?

Back 58

Memory as a reconstruction rather than a replay. Eye witness testimony.

Front 59

What did Elizabeth Loftus demonstrate?

Back 59

The fallibility of human memory.

Front 60

What is the take home message of memory?

Back 60

Use it or lose it. Older subjects who remain mentally active retain more memory as well as better consolidation of current events into memory

Front 61

Where do granual cells synapse onto in hippocampus?

Back 61

pyramidal cells in CA3

Front 62

From CA3 in hippocampus what happens?

Back 62

CA3 to CA1 output to many brain regions.