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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three layers of the skin? |
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
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What are the appendages of the skin?
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-sweat glands
-sebaceous glands -hair follicles -nails |
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Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
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avascular |
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Where does the epidermis get its nutrition?
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the dermis
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What are the two major areas of the epidermis?
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1. stratum germinatum-melanocytes and keratinocytes
2. stratum corneum-dead squamous cells containing keratin |
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What is the structure of the dermis?
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vascular, connective tissue that supports the epidermis
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What two things does the dermis contain? |
1. sensory nerve fibers that transmit pain, touch and temp
2. autonomic motor nerves |
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What is the structure of the subcutaneous tissue? |
loose connective tissue and adipose cells
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What isi the function of the subcutaneous tissue?
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insulation, shock absorption, calorie reserve
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What are the 6 functions of the skin?
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1. protects against microbes and minor trauma
2. slows fluid loss 3. excretes sweat, urea, lactic acid 4. provides sensory perception 5. helps regulate body temp 6. helps regulate blood pressure |
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What six changes occur to the skin as a person ages? |
1. sebaceous and sweat gland activity decreases
2. epidermis thins and flattens 3.dermis vascularity and elasticity decreases *wrinkling 4. subcutaneous tissue lost 5. nails thicker, brittle, yellow, prone to splitting due to slow growth 6. hair turns gray |
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What is vitiligo?
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absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin on parts of the body
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What is the mnemonic for abnormal characteristics of pigmented lesions?
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A-asymmetry |
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What are some collor changes that occur over the entire body? |
pallor (white) |
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What is pallor associated with?
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acute high stress states, cold, cigarette smoking, presence of edema, anemia, schock, arterial insufficiency |
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What is erythema expected with?
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fever, local inflammation, emotional reactions, polycythemia, venous stasis, carbon monoxide poisoning, extravascular presence of red blood cells (black ppl palpate for warmth) |
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When might a person be cyanotic?
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hypoxemia that occurs with schokc, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, congenital heart disease, anemia
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What does jaundice indicate? |
rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood |
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What might jaundice occur with?
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hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle cell disease, transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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What is the difference between a primary and secondary lesion? |
primary-lesion develops on previous unaltered skin |
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What characteristics are important to observe in lesions?
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1. color |
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What hair changes accompany tinea capitiis? |
gray, scaly, well defined areas with broken hairs |
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What occurs with hirsutism? |
excess body hair
-with females, indicates endocrine abnormalities |
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Describe a macule and give an example. |
color change, flat, circumscribed, less than 1 cm. example is a freckle
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Describe a patch and give an example. |
same as a macule; color change, flat, circumscribed but greater than 1 cm |
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Describe a papule and give an example. |
something you can feel (solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1 cm diameter) that is caused by superficial thickening of the epidermis |
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Describe a plaque and give an example. |
papules coalesce to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm. plateau like, disk shaped lesion. |
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Describe a nodule and give an example. |
a nodule is solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm. extends deeper into the dermis than a papule. |
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Describe a tumor and give an example. |
larger than a few cm, firm or soft, deeper into dermis, benign or malignant |
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Describe a wheal and give an example. |
superficial, raised, transient, erythematous, irregular shape due to edema -mosquito bite -OFTEN FROM ALLERGIC REACTION!!!!!, -dermographism |
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Describe urticaria |
wheals that join to form an extensive reaction; extensively pruritic EX: HIVES |
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Describe a vesicle and give an example. |
elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm, blister |
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Describe a bulla and give an example. |
larger than 1 cm diameter, superficial in epidermis, ruptures easily |
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Describe a cyst and give an example |
encapsulated fluid filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer |
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Describe a pustule and give an example. |
turbid fluid in the cavity, circumscribed and elevated |
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Describe a crust and give an example. |
dried exudate when vesicles or pustules burst. yellow, honey
example SCAB AFTER ABRASION or impetigo, weeping. IMPETIGO AFTER RUPTURED |
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Describe a scale and give an example. |
raised piling of keratinized cells |
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Describe a fissure and give an example. |
linear split through epidermis to dermis |
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Describe erosion and give an example. |
depressed, moist, superficial, heals without scar
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Describe an ulcer and give an example. |
an ulcer is a deeper depression extending into the dermis, irregular shape, may bleed, leaves scar when heals |
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Describe excoriation and give an example |
self inflicted abrasion, superficial, scratches from intense itching |
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Whatis a scar and give an example |
normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue |
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Describe lichenification and give an example |
prolonged, intense scratching that eventually thickens skin and produces tightly packed set of papules; looks like moss |
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Describe an atrophic scar and give an example. |
skin level is depressed with loss of tissue, thinning of epidermis. |
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What is a hypertrophic scar that is raised beyond the borders of a wound? |
keloid |
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What are the four stages of a pressure ulcer? |
stage 1: intact skin is red but unbroken |
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Keloid |
-skin is elevated by excess scar tissue; looks smooth, rubbery "clawlike". higher incidence with blacks EX: HYPERTROPHIC SCAR |
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What are the 3 vascular lesions? |
1. Port-wine satin (large flat macular patch on scalp or face, frequently along CN V) 2. strawberry mark (immature hemangioma) 3. carvenous hemagioma (mature) |
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What are the 2 Telangiectases? |
1) spider or Star Angioma 2) Venous Lake
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What are the 2 Pupuric Lesions |
1) Petechiae (will not blanch) 2) Pupura |
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Petechiae |
-(will not blanch) (tiny punctate hemmorhages, 1 to 3mm, round & discrete dark red purple or brown -may indicated abnormal clotting factors -w/ dark skin look for areas like abdomen, and forearm (if too dark then you can see them)
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Purpura |
confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and echymoses GREATER than 3mm flat, red to purple |