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38 Cards in this Set
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A "social" Repulican who urged the Provisional Government to push through a bold economic and social program without delay during the February Revolution of 1848 in France although his ides were watered down before being enacted as law
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Louis Blanc
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(15 October 1802 – 28 October 1857), French general who ran for election for the President of the second assembly in France but lost
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General Cavaignac
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Napoleon III (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and the ruler of the Second French Empire. He was also the nephew of Napoleon I. Made President by popular vote in 1848, he undertook a coup in 1851, becoming dictator before ascending to the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1851, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until September 1870, when he was captured in the Franco-Prussian War. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France
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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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Established as a political concession to the "social" republicans but no significant work was ever assigned them for fear of competition with private enterprise and dislocation of the economic system
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National Workshops
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French workers' revolt from 23 June to 25 June 1848, after the closure of the National Workshops created by the Second Republic to give work to the unemployed. The repression, by General Louis Eugène Cavaignac, killed 1,500 people and 15,000 political prisoners were deported to Algeria. Gen. Cavaignac was then named head of the executive power, and Louis Blanc was judicially persecuted by the government
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June Days
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A law enacted in 1850 France which put the schools at all levels of the education system under supervision of the Catholic clergy
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Falloux Law
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Laws enacted by Napoleon III
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March Laws
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Leader of the radical party in the Hungarian diet who on March 3 made an impassioned speech on the virtues of liberty
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Kossuth
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The provincial governor of Croatian who raised a civil war in Hungary leading a force of Serbo-Croatians supported by the whole non-Magyar half of the population (March rising)
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Jellachich
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Italian patriot who led efforts to form a unified, independent Italy under a republican government. He worked primarily from exile in France, Switzerland, and England.
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Mazzini
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A revolution against a government recently established by a revolution
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Counter-Revolution
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An extremely conservative person or position that not only resists change but seeks to return to the “good old days” of an earlier social order
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Reactionaries
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Written by Pius IX in 1864 which warned all Catholics, on the authority of the Vatican, against everything that went under the names of liberalism, progress, and modern civilization
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The Syllabus of Errors
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The regime where the government was rigidly centralized so Hungary lost the separate rights it had held before 1848. But the ideal was to create a perfectly solid and unitary political system
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The Bach System
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King of Prussia (1840-1861) who crushed the Revolution of 1848 and refused the crown of a united Germany offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament (1849).
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Frederick William IV
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the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, in session from 18 May 1848 until 31 May 1849. Its existence was both part and result of the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederacy.
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Frankfurt Assembly
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(in the 19th century) A union of German states for the maintenance of a uniform tariff on imports from other countries, andof free trading among themselves
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Zollverein
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Germans who thought that the Germany for which they were writing a constitution should include the Austrian lands, except Hungary
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Great Germans
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Germans thought that Austria should be excluded and that the new Germany should comprise the smaller states and the entire kingdom of Prussia
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Little Germans
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A humane and high-minded document, announcing numerous individual rights, civil liberties, and constitutional guarantees, much along the line of the French and American declarations of the eighteenth century, but with one significant difference - liberal Germans spoke the of the rights of only the Germans
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Declaration of the Rights of the German People
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French writer and critic who was a leading proponent of naturalism in fiction. His works include Les Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893), a series of 20 novels, and "J'Accuse" (1898), a letter in defense of Alfred Dreyfus.
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Zola
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French philosopher wrote Positive Philosophy in the 1850s where he saw human history as a series of three stages, the theological, the metaphysical, and the scientific. He developed the practice of "sociology"
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Auguste Comte
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German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
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Marx
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1820–95, German socialist in England: collaborated with Karl Marx in systematizing Marxism.
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Engels
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An approach to philosophy that regards external objects as the most fundamentally real things, with perceptions or ideas as secondary. Realism is thus opposed to idealism, also used to describe a movement in literature that attempts to portray life as it is.
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Realism
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The theory that physical matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought, feeling, mind, and will, can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena
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Materialism
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a philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte, concerned with positive facts and phenomena, and excluding speculation uponultimate causes or origins.
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Positivism
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The science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamentallaws of social relations, institutions,
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Sociology
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Governmental policies based on hard, practical considerations rather than on moral or idealistic concerns; German for “the politics of reality” and is often applied to the policies of nations that consider only their own interests in dealing with other countries.
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Realpolitik
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doctrines with his associate Friedrich Engels on economics, politics, and society. They include the notion of economic determinism — that political and social structures are determined by the economic conditions of people. Marxism calls for a classless society in which all means of production are commonly owned (communism), a system to be reached as an inevitable result of the struggle between the leaders of capitalism and the workers
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Marxism
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The Marxian interpretation of reality that views matter as the sole subject of change and all change as the product of a constant conflict between opposites arising from the internal contradictions inherent in all events, ideas, and movements.
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Dialectical Materialism
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Idea by Karl Marx
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Alienation Of Workers
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The wage worker who possesses nothing but his or her own hands
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Proletarian
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1809–91, French administrator who improved the landscaping, street designs, and utilities systems of Paris.
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Baron Haussmann
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A governmental or political system, principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate to the power or authority of the state, centered either in one person or a small group that is not constitutionally accountable to the people.
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Authoritarianism
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A financial institution that deals chiefly in the underwriting of new securities.
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Investment Banking
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A novel kind of banking institution, founded by the Saint-Simonians of the 1850s, which raised funds by selling its shares to the public, and with the funds thus obtained bought stock in such new industrial enterprises as it wished to develop
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Credit Mobilier
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Granted by the law in 1863, by which a stockholder could not lose more than the par value of the stock, however insolvent or debt-burdened the corporation might become
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"Limited Liability"
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