Biology Chapter 12 & 13 Vocab

Front 1

double helix

Back 1

two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other

Front 2

nucleosome

Back 2

the phosphate groups in DNA create a negative charge; which attracts the DNA to the positively charged histone proteins

Front 3

semiconservative replication

Back 3

parental strands of DNA separate serve as templates and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

Front 4

Okzaki fragments

Back 4

it is synthesized discontunely into small segments

Front 5

DNA polymerase

Back 5

catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand

Front 6

RNA

Back 6

contains the sugar ribose

Front 7

Messenger RNA

Back 7

molecules are long strands of RNA are found living cells

Front 8

Ribosomal RNA

Back 8

is the type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 9

Transfer RNA

Back 9

are smaller segments of RNA nucleotides tha transport amino acids to the ribosome

Front 10

transcription

Back 10

the first step of the central dogma involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA process

Front 11

RNA polymerase

Back 11

DNA is unzipped by the _____

Front 12

Introns

Back 12

these sequences are called intervening sequences

Front 13

Exons

Back 13

the coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA

Front 14

codon

Back 14

three-base code in DNA or in mRNA is called ____

Front 15

translation

Back 15

code is read in a process called ____

Front 16

Gene regulation

Back 16

ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in the response to the environment

Front 17

Operon

Back 17

is a section in the DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway

Front 18

Mutation

Back 18

permanent change occurs in a cell's DNA

Front 19

Mutagens

Back 19

substances which cause mutations

Front 20

Selective Breeding

Back 20

process for which desired traits are selected and passed on to their future generations

Front 21

inbreeding

Back 21

in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations

Front 22

test cross

Back 22

involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with the one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait

Front 23

genetic engineering

Back 23

technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA

Front 24

genome

Back 24

is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell

Front 25

restriction enzymes

Back 25

that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence

Front 26

gel electrophoresis

Back 26

an electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments

Front 27

recombinant DNA

Back 27

this newly generated DNA molecule; with DNA from different sources

Front 28

Plasmids

Back 28

small;circular double-stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells

Front 29

DNA ligase

Back 29

joins the two DNA fragments chemically

Front 30

transformation

Back 30

bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called ____

Front 31

cloning

Back 31

large numbers of identical bacteria each containing the inserted DNA molecules

Front 32

polymerase chain reaction

Back 32

makes millions of copies of a specific region

Front 33

transgenic organisms

Back 33

organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene organism

Front 34

DNA fingerprinting

Back 34

involves separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns

Front 35

bioinformatics

Back 35

creating and maintaining databases fo biological information

Front 36

DNA microarrays

Back 36

tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments

Front 37

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Back 37

variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered

Front 38

haplotypes

Back 38

regions of linked variations in the human genome

Front 39

pharmacogenomics

Back 39

study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs

Front 40

gene therapy

Back 40

technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases

Front 41

proteomics

Back 41

large scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body

Front 42

Genomics

Back 42

study of an organisms genome