Chapter 11 Psych

Front 1

Germinal Stage

Back 1

-first two weeks after conception
-placenta forms

Front 2

Embryonic Stage

Back 2

-two weeks to two months
-vital organs and bodily systems form

Front 3

Fetal Stage

Back 3

-two months to birth
-muscles and bones begin to form

Front 4

Development

Back 4

physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span

Front 5

Longitudianl Study

Back 5

observe one group over a period of time

Front 6

Cross-Sectional Study

Back 6

compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point of time

Front 7

Teratogen

Back 7

-chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm
-irradiation
-rubella
-cortisone
-alcohol

Front 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrom

Back 8

-problems occuring from excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
-small head
-heart defects
-hyperactive
-delayed mental and motor development

Front 9

Visual Cliff

Back 9

-psychological apparatus for studying depth perception

Front 10

Method of "Children of Kauai" study

Back 10

-longitudinal study
-73 children tested repeatedly from birth to age 46

Front 11

Findings of "Children of Kauai" study

Back 11

-1/3 of children functioned normally by age 10
-stable families
-good support systems
-remedial training, health care

Front 12

Plasticity

Back 12

-brain circuity is "filled in" after birth
-more stimulating environment
-better fucnctioning brain tissue
-better recovery after brain injury

Front 13

Developmental Norms

Back 13

-indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Front 14

Cephalocaudal Trend

Back 14

-principle of motor development
-head to foot motor development
-crawling

Front 15

Proximodistal Trend

Back 15

-principle of motor development
-center outward motor development
-reach for things by twisting body, learn to just extend arms

Front 16

Assimilation

Back 16

-interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures w/out changing them

Front 17

Accommodation

Back 17

-involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Front 18

Sensorimotor Period

Back 18

-birth to age 2
-cooridinate sensory input with their motor actions
-pleasurable responses and perform over and over

Front 19

Object Permanence

Back 19

recognize the object continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Front 20

Preoperational Period

Back 20

-2 to 7
-water example

Front 21

Egocentrism

Back 21

limited ability to share another's viewpoint

Front 22

Conservation

Back 22

awareness that physical quanitites remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or apperance

Front 23

Centration

Back 23

focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

Front 24

Reversibility

Back 24

ability to envision reversing an action

Front 25

Concrete Operations Period

Back 25

-7 to 11
-children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events
-reversibility and decentration

Front 26

Formal Operatoinal Period

Back 26

-11 onward
-children begin to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects

Front 27

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Back 27

-external authority
-acts are wrong because they are punished or right because they lead to positive outcomes

Front 28

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Back 28

-see rules as necessary for maintaining social order
-win approval from others
-rules are absolute guidelines that should be enforced rigidly

Front 29

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Back 29

-working out a personal code of ethics
-flexibility
-might not follow society rules if conflict with personal ethics

Front 30

Attachment

Back 30

close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers

Front 31

What affects the type of attachment that emerges between an infant and its mother?

Back 31

mothers are associated with the powerful, reinforcing event of being fed

Front 32

Characteristics of Secure Attachment

Back 32

play comfortable with their mother around but become upset when she leaves and quickly calmed by her return

Front 33

Anxious or Resistant Attachment

Back 33

-appear anxious when mother is near and protest when she leaves, not very comforted when she returns

Front 34

Avoidant Attachment

Back 34

seek little contact with mother and are not distressed when she leaves

Front 35

Disorganized-Disorientated Attachment

Back 35

appear confused about whether they should approach or avoid their mother and are very insecure

Front 36

Long Term Consequences of Secure Attachment

Back 36

-resilent
-competent
-high self esteem
-more postive emotions

Front 37

Temperament

Back 37

characteristc mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

Front 38

Easy Temperament

Back 38

-less restrained
-approach strangers, objects without any worry

Front 39

Inhibited Temperament

Back 39

-shy
-timid
-wary of strange things

Front 40

Difficult

Back 40

-high anxiety
-aggressive
-ANNOYING

Front 41

How can researchers use habituation, automatic reflexes and physiological changes to study infant abilities?

Back 41

can look at brain wave/heart waves

Front 42

Increased heart rate

Back 42

alarmed or frightened

Front 43

Decreased Heart Rate

Back 43

not alarmed

Front 44

What emotions are found in babies?

Back 44

-interest
-disgust
-distress
-contentment
-anger
-sadness
-surprise
-fear

Front 45

What emotions are found in older children

Back 45

-embarrassment
-guilt
-shame

Front 46

Ability to Discriminate Patterns Measure

Back 46

infants at 3 months old can make the distinction btwn new and old

Front 47

Ability to Learn and Remember Measure

Back 47

-readily learn connections between events and own actions
-recall this connection later
-remember events as sequences of actions with beginnings, ends

Front 48

Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy

Back 48

-schizophrenia
-low birth weight
-increased risk of heart disease
-diabetes

Front 49

Illness During Pregnancy

Back 49

-depends when the mother contracts the illness
-measles
-rubella
-syphilis
-chicken pox

Front 50

Tobacco During Pregnancy

Back 50

-reduces flow of oxygen and nutrients to fetus
-increased risk of miscarriage, still birth, prematurity, and other birth complications

Front 51

Heroin Use During Pregnancy

Back 51

-born addicited to narcotics
-increased risk of early death
-prematurity
-birth defects
-respiratory difficulties
-birth complications

Front 52

Deprivation

Back 52

-poor nutrition
-little stimulation

Front 53

Universal Adaptability

Back 53

capacity of infants to detect all speech sounds

Front 54

Stages of Language Development

Back 54

-babbling
-one word stage
-two word stage
-near adult competence

Front 55

Evidence for Innate Language Capacities

Back 55

-teaching has little effect
-adults -- poor tutors and models
-children are creative
-non-hearing children create own language

Front 56

How does conservation affect moral reasoning?

Back 56

-right/wrong
-good/bad
-fair/unfair

Front 57

Mature Moral Reasoning

Back 57

judgment considers both persons perspectives

Front 58

Less Mature Moral Reasoning

Back 58

judgment based on viewpoint of just one person

Front 59

Early Appearing Abilities

Back 59

-express recognizable emotions as newborns
-detect emotional expressions from others

Front 60

Social Referencing

Back 60

using other's emotions to define ambiguous situations

Front 61

Self-REcognition

Back 61

awareness of self as distinct, seperate

Front 62

When does self-recognition emerge?

Back 62

-18 to 24 months
-the first step in ability to feel complex emotions

Front 63

Cross-Fostering

Back 63

assigning infants caregiving to an adult with different genetic makeup

Front 64

Antisocial Behavior

Back 64

Parenting styles: antisocial more likely when parents are inattentive, neglectful

Front 65

Stages of Antisocial Behavior

Back 65

Early Childhood:
-poor parental discipline and monitoring
-child conduct problems

Middle Childhood:
-rejection by normal peers
-academic failure

Late Childhood:
-commitment to deviant peer group
-delinquency