Chapter 11 - Developmental Theories

Front 1

What are Biologic Processes?

Back 1

Changes in an individual's physical growth and development. These changes are a result of genetic inheritance that interacts with external influences such as nutrition, exercise, stress, culture, climate.

Front 2

What are Cognitive Processes?

Back 2

Changes in intelligence, ability to communicate, ability to think

Front 3

What are Socioemotional Processes?

Back 3

Changes in personality, emotions, relationships through the lifespan.

Front 4

Developmental theories.

Back 4

Provide a framework for examining, describing and apreciating human development. Help nurses assess and treat a person's response to an illness.

Front 5

Biophysical Developmental theories?

Back 5

About how our physical bodies grow and change. Describes the process of biological maturation.

Front 6

Who is Arnold Gesell?

Back 6

Described biophysical development - although everyone develops at different times, the order of development (first rolling over, then crawling, then walking) is about the same, the environment may play a part in when development occurs but not the overall sequence.

Front 7

Theories of phychoanalytic/ psychosocial development?

Back 7

Describe human development from the perspectives of personality, thinking, and behavior. Explains development in terms of inner drives and motives that are primarily unconscious and influence every aspect of an individual's thinking and behavior. Occur in stages that every human experiences in a sequence.

Front 8

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Back 8

Developed psychoanalytic model of personality development. Adult personality is the result of how an individual resolved conflicts between sources of pleasure and the mandates of reality.
The goal in Freud's theory was the development of balance between pleasure-seeking drives and social pressures.

Front 9

Steps of Freudian development?

Back 9

Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months)
Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 to 3yrs)
Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 yrs) - genital organs become the focus of pleasure. Fantasy about the parent of the opposite sex as the first love.
Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 yrs) - sexual urges repressed, socially acceptable activities.
Stage 5: Genital (puberty through adulthood)

Front 10

Who is Erik Erikson?

Back 10

Developed a theory that stated that development is focused on osychosocial stages and development occurres throughout the life span.

Front 11

Erikson's 8 stages of Development?

Back 11

1. Trust - Mistrust (birth - 1) - essential for the development of a healthy personality. Formation of trust results in faith and optimism.
2. Autonomy - Sense of shame and doubt (1-3 yrs) - making choices = self-control and willpower.
3. Initiative - Guilt (3-6yrs) - development of superego or concience = child's desire to explore and limits placed on his behavior = results in direcion of purpose.
4. Industry - Inferiority (6-11 yrs) - accomplishments and praise, seak achievement to develop a sense of competency + adult's attitudes toward work later in life.
5. Identity - Role confusion ( puberty) - sexual maturation, Who am I?
6. Intimacy - Isolation (young adult) - capacity to love others and care for them. Isolation will result of fear of rejection and disappointment.
7.Generativity - Self-absorption and Stagnation (middle age) - Supporting future generations. Personal and social involvment.
8. Integrity - Despair (old age) - Search for meaning in life = growth and the basic strength of wisdom. Life has been a failure and regret.

Front 12

What is Temperament?

Back 12

Behavioral style that affects the individual's emotional interactions with others.

Front 13

Three basic classes of temperament and characteristics of each?

Back 13

Individual's temperament is established by the age of 2 to 3 months.
1. The easy child - easygoing and even-tempered.
2. The difficult child - highly active, irritable and irregular in habits. Adupts slowly to new routines, people, situations. Mood expressions are usually intense and primarily negative.
3. The slow-to-warm-up child - typically reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. Adapts slowly with repeated contact and responds with mild but passive resistance to novelty or changes in routine.

Front 14

Gould and the Stage-Crisis Theory?

Back 14

20' - I have to get away from my parents
early 30' - Is what I am the only way for me to be?
late 30' - Have I done the right thing? Is there time to change? Impact of a growing family and aging parents.
40' - The die is cast - belief that possibilities are limited, personality is set. Regret mistakes made with children.
50's - decrease in negativism.

Front 15

What is Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Back 15

Stress how people learn to think and make sense of their world.

Front 16

Piaget stages of Cognitive Development?

Back 16

Period I: Sensorimotor (birth - 2yrs) - infant develops action pattern for dealing with the environment.
Period II: Preoperational (2-7 Yrs) - Children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. Only see world from their point of view. Learn primarily through play.
Period III: Concreate operations (7 - 11 yrs) - achieve the ability to perform mental operations - thinks before doing it, can describe a process without actually performing it.
Period IV: Formal operations (11- adulthood) - abstract thinking and theoretical subjects - world peace. leaning of life.

Front 17

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Back 17

Bandura states that individuals learn through modeling: much more than imitation; it is observing behavior and choosing wheather to copy it.

Front 18

What is Postformal Thought?

Back 18

Stage, within adults demonstrate the ability to recognize that answers vary from situation to situation and that solutions need to be sensible. Adults are able to accept contradiction and see the world in shades of gray rather than all black and white.

Front 19

Moral Developmental Theory?

Back 19

Refers to the changes in a person's thoughts, emotions and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right or wrong.

Front 20

Piaget's Theory of Moral Developemnt?

Back 20

1 stage - Heteronomous morality (between 4 and 7) - rules are unchangeable and that when a rule is broken, there is imminent justice.
2 stage - autonomous morality - child understands that people make rules and that they can be changed.
Is was primarily through peer interactions that children are able to develop moral reasoning since in peer groups children are able to disagree and come to a settlememnt.

Front 21

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

Back 21

Level I: Preconventional Reasoning - person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain = illness is a punishment for fightning with their sibling.
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation - Child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation - Recognition that there is more than one wight view. Punishment is not proof of being wrong but something that one wants to avoid.
Level II: Conventional Reasoning - How will it affect my relationship with others? Emphasos on social rules and a community-centered approach.
Stage 3: Good boy -Nice girl Orientation - wants to win approval and maintain it. Stage 4: Society -Maintaining Orientation - focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns.
Level III: Postconventional Reasoning - definition of own moral values and principles and not based on authority or conformity groups.
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation - individual follows the societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law the improve society. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - Defines right by the decision of conscience in accord with self-shosen ethical principles.

Front 22

Why is it important for nurses to understand their own moral reasoning level?

Back 22

Recognizing your own moral development level is essential in separating your own beliefs from others when helping clients with their moral decision-making process.

Front 23

How do developmental theories help nurses?

Back 23

Help nurses use critical thinking skills when asking how and why people respond as they do.

Front 24

________ development is the ability of an individual to distinguish right from wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions.

Back 24

Moral

Front 25

Freud's _________ developmental stage is a time of turbulence when earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

Back 25

Genital

Front 26

The nurse teaches parents how to have their children learn impulse control and cooperatice behaviors. This would be during which of Erickson's stages of development?

Back 26

Initiative versus guilt

Front 27

A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult children are unemloyed. Hes husband is working and near retirement. She is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is experiencing which of Erikson's stages of development?

Back 27

Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation.

Front 28

During this stage of cognitive development, the individual's thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. Thinking can venture into such subjects as achieving world peace, finding justice and seeking meaning in life.

Back 28

Formal operations.

Front 29

In this level of Kohlberg's moral development theory the person reflects on moral reaasoning based on personal gain.

Back 29

Preconventional