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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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clone
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As a verb, to produce genetically identical copies of a call, organism, or DNA molecule. As a noun, the collection of cells, organisms, or molecules resulting from cloning; also (colloquially), a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell.
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gene expression
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The process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype.
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promoter
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A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.
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operator
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In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon.
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operon
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A unit of genetic regulation common inprokaryotes; a cluster of genes with related functions, along with the promoter and operator that control their transcription.
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repressor
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A protein tha tblocks the transcription of a gene or operon.
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regulatory gene
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A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
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activator
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A pretoein that switches on a gene or group of genes.
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differentiation
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become specialized in structure and function
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regeneration
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The regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism.
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histone
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A small protein associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosome.
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nucleosome
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The bead-like unit of DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell; consists of DNA wound around a protein core made up of eight histone molecules.
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X chromosome inactivation
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In female mammals, the inactivation of one X chromosomein each somatic cell.
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transcription factor
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In the eukarotic cell, a protein that functions in initiating or regulating transcription. Transcription factors bind to DNA or to other proteins that bind to DNA.
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Enhancer
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A eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it. An enhancer functions by means of a transcription factor called an activator, which inds to it and then to the rest of the transcription apparatus.
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silencer
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A eukaryotic DNA sequence that functions to inhibit the start of gene transcription; may act analogously to an enhancer by binding a repressor.
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alternative RNA splicing
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A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.
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nuclear transplantation
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A technique in which the nucleus of one cell is placed into another cell that already has a nucleus or in which the nucleus has been previously destroyed.
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reproductive cloning
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Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals.
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embryonic stem cell (ES cell)
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Cell in the early animal embryo that differentiates during development to give rise to all the different kinds of specialized cells in the body.
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therapeutic cloning
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The clonging of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the replacement of body cells that have been irreversibly damaged by disease or injury.
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adult stem cell
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A cell present in adult tissues that generates replacements for nondividing differentiated cells.
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homeotic gene
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A master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. (In plants, such genes are called organ identity genes.)
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signal transduction
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In cell biology, a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
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homeobox
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A 180-nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene and some other developmental genes.
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oncogene
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A cancer-causing geme; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of a growth factor made by the cell.
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proto-oncogene
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A normal gene that can be converted to a cancer-causing gene.
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tumor-suppressor gene
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A gene whose product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth.
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carcinogen
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A cancer-causing agent, either high-energy radiation (such as X-rays or UV light) or a chemical.
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