Chapter 10: Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

Class of antimicrobials that inhibits protein synthesis. They are bactericidal and considered to be narrow spectrum since they are most effective against Gram-negative aerobes. They inhibit translation by binding to the small ribosomal subunit and causing misreading of the codons in mRNA

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Aminoglycosides

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Spectrum of antimicrobial drugs that are effective against many different kinds of pathogens.

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Broad

Front 3

Family of antimicrobial drugs that includes the penicillins and cephalosporins. They inhibit peptidogylcan synthesis by binding irreversibly to enzymes that crosslink the amino acid tails on the NAM subunits.

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Beta Lactams

Front 4

These drugs are often used because they exploit the differences that exist between the metabolic processes of a pathogen and the host

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Antimetabolite Drugs

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Peptide antibiotic that works by destroying cell membranes. It is particularly effective against gram-negative organisms. Since it ix toxic to human kidneys, it is mainly used as a topical treatment.

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Polymyxin

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Last name of the scientist that coined the phrases "magic bullet" and "chemotherapy". He discovered salvarsan as treatment for syphillis

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Ehrlich

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Antimicrobial drug that interferes with the transport of NAG and NAM from the cytoplasm across the cell membrane thereby blocking cell wall formation.

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Bacitracin

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Abbreviation that stands for the lowest amount of an antimicrobial drug that will inhibit growth and reproduction of a pathogen.

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MIC

Front 9

Term for an antimicrobial drug that was entirely created in a laboratory. An example is salvarsan.

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Synthetic

Front 10

Last name of the scientist that discovered a substance released by the mold Penicillium could inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

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Fleming

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Spectrum of antimicrobial drugs that are only effective against a few types of organisms

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Narrow

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Abbreviation for para-aminobenzoic acid. This is a substrate in the bacterial pathway to produce folic acid. An analogue of this is sulfanilamide.

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PABA

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Class of antimicrobials that is fungicidal. They work by binding to ergosterol in the cell membrane of fungal cells. Since bacteria lack sterols, such as cholesterol and ergosterol, in the cell membranes, they are naturally resistant to these antimicrobials.

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Polyenes

Front 14

Term for a natural product that has been modified chemically in a laboratory to increase its spectrum, availability and/or duration. An example is ampicillin.

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Semisynthetic

Front 15

Antimicrobial drug that inhibits RNA polymerase. It is bacteriostatic against aerobic Gram-positive organisms and bactericidal against Mycobacterium.

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Rifampin

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Term that describes when one drugs enhances the effect of a second drug

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Synergism

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Last name of the scientist that discovered the antimicrobial drug Protonsil, which was the first practical broad spectrum antimicrobial drug.

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Domagk

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Antimicrobial that inhibits translation. It is bacteriostatic and broad spectrum. It binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the active site

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Chloramphenicol

Front 19

Antimetabolic agent that inhibits the pathway for nucleotide synthesis. Unlike the sulfonamides which inhibit the first enzyme in the pathway, this inhibits the second enzyme in the pathway, which converts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid.

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Trimethoprim

Front 20

Class of antimicrobials that inhibits protein synthesis. They are effective against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic Gram negative bacteria. They inhibit translation by binding to the large ribosomal subunit and preventing ribosome from moving down the mRNA

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Lincosamides

Front 21

This is a member of the beta-lactam family of antibiotics. It is a narrow spectrum that is only effective against gram-positive organisms. It has been used to create semisynthetic drugs such as ampicillin and methicillin.

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Penicillin

Front 22

Enzyme that enables bacteria to become resistant to drugs that target the cell wall. It breaks the "ring" structure that is common in these drugs. Generally, this is inhibited by clavulanic acid.

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Beta Lactamase

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Antimicrobials that have similar chemical structures to the normal nucleotide building blocks of nucleic acids. They have also been used as a treatment for rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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Nucleoside Analogues

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Enzyme that is the target of the drugs levafloxacin and ciproflaxin

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DNA Gyrase

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Term used for a drug to describe it as being more detrimental to the pathogen than the human host

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Selective Toxicity

Front 26

The class of drugs is targeted against influenza viruses. There drugs block the exit of viruses from infected cells.

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Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Front 27

This antiviral drugs inhibits DNA synthesis by acting as a chain terminator. If it is incorporated into a viral DNA strand, it will not allow further synthesis of the DNA strand. This drug is used to treat infections caused by herpesviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Varicella-Zoster virus

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Acyclovir

Front 28

This test is used to determine the best antimicrobial to use against a certain pathogen. After incubation, the zones of inhibition for various antimicrobials are compared

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Diffusion Susceptibility

Front 29

Term for a natural product that has antimicrobial properties. An example is Penicillin G

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Antibiotic

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Class of antimicrobials that inhibit translation. Their chemical structure is composed of 4 rings. They are bacteriostatic and broad spectrum. They inhibit translation by binding to the large ribosomal subunit and block the incoming amino-acyl tRNA from forming complementary base pairs with mRNA

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Tetracyclines

Front 31

Chemical structure found in the pencillins and cephalosporins

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Beta Lactam Ring

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This antiviral drug inhibits the DNA and RNA synthesis. It is used to treat infections caused by Hepatitis C Virus, Influenza A, and viral hemorrhagic fevers

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Ribavirin

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Antibiotic that is a member of the macrolide class of antimicrobials. This is the most commonly prescribed macrolide.

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Erythromycin

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Group of antibiotics that belongs to the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. Because of lower resistance, they are the drug of choice from beta-lactam family. Examples are cephalexin and ceftriaxone

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Cephalosporins

Front 35

Groups of antimicrobials that are considered to be antimetabolic drugs. They have a chemical structure that is similar to PABA. Antimetabolic activity is achieved by inhibiting the conversion of PABA to dihyrofolic acid, which is an intermediate pathway to nucleotide synthesis.

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Sulfanilamides

Front 36

Antibiotic that is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antimicrobials. It is the first member of the class.

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Streptomysin

Front 37

This drug is converted to the active form inside the cell where it damages DNA molecules. It is often used to treat infections by anaerobic bacteria and some protists.

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Metronidazole

Front 38

This class of drugs disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane by blocking the production of ergosterol. They are often used to treat fungal infections.

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Azoles

Front 39

Glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Unlike other antimicrobials that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, this inhibits by binding to the substrates that make up peptidoglycan instead of the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan

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Vancomycin

Front 40

Family of antimicrobial drugs that inhibits DNA synthesis by binding and inhibiting DNA gyrase.

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Quinolones

Front 41

The common name for this drug is Tamiflu. It is a neuraminidase inhibitor and blocks the spread of influenza viruses from infected cells

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Oseltamavir

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Resistance to antimicrobials can be accomplished by acquiring these via the processes of transformation, transduction, or conjugation

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R Factors

Front 43

Class of antimicrobials that inhibits protein synthesis. They have a structural feature called a lactone ring. They inhibit translation by binding to the large ribosomal subunit and preventing the ribosome from moving down mRNA

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Macrolides