Chapter 10: Controlling Microbial Growth In The Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

What chemicals that affect physiology in any manner?

Back 1

Drugs

Front 2

What drugs that act against diseases?

Back 2

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Front 3

What drugs that treat infections?

Back 3

Antimicrobial Agents

Front 4

In The History of Antimicrobial Agents, who proposed the term “chemotherapy”?

Back 4

Paul Ehrlich

Front 5

What is a chemical that selectively kill the pathogens while having little or no effect on a patient?

Back 5

Chemotherapy

Front 6

What arsenic compound that killed trypanosomes and another that worked against treponemes?

Back 6

“Magic Bullets”

Front 7

Who coined Penicillin released from Penicillium and Antibiotics?

Back 7

Alexander Fleming

Front 8

What is an antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms?

Back 8

Antibiotics

Front 9

Who coined Sulfanilamide?

Back 9

Gerhard Domagk

Front 10

What is the first antimicrobial agent used to treat wide array of infections?

Back 10

Sulfanilamide

Front 11

Semisynthetics and synthetics

Back 11

Gerhard Domagk

Front 12

In the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action, key is _____.

Back 12

Selective Toxicity

Front 13

What constitute largest number and diversity of antimicrobial agents? Fewer drugs to treat eukaryotic infections. Even fewer antiviral drugs.

Back 13

Antibacterial Drugs

Front 14

Back 14

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action

Front 15

Back 15

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Front 16

Back 16

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Front 17

In the Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis, most common agents act by preventing cross-linkage of _______.

Back 17

NAM subunits

Front 18

In the Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis, what is the most prominent in this group and—functional groups are beta-lactam rings?

Back 18

beta-lactams

Front 19

What bind to enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits. Bacteria have weakened cell walls and eventually lyse?

Back 19

Beta-lactams

Front 20

Back 20

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Front 21

Back 21

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Front 22

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis:

• more stable in acidic environments

• more readily absorbed

• less susceptible to deactivation• more active against more types of bacteria

Back 22

Semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams

Front 23

What is an effective only against aerobic Gram-negatives?

Back 23

Simplest beta-lactams

Front 24

What is an effective only against aerobic Gram-negatives?

Back 24

Simplest beta-lactams

Front 25

What interfere with particular alanine-alanine bridges that link NAM subunits in many Gram-positives?

Back 25

Vancomycin and Cycloserine

Front 26

What blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm?

Back 26

Bacitracin

Front 27

What disrupt formation of `arabinogalactan-mycolic acid in mycobacterial species?

Back 27

Isoniazid and Ethambutol

Front 28

▪ prevent bacteria from increasing amount of peptidoglycan

▪ have no effect on existing peptidoglycan layer

▪ effective only for growing cells

▪ no effect on plant or animal cells; no peptidoglycan

Back 28

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Front 29

In the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis, Prokaryotic ribosomes are _____.

Back 29

70S (30S and 50S)

Front 30

In the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis, Eukaryotic ribosomes are _____.

Back 30

80S (40S and 60S)

Front 31

Drugs can selectively target translation. Mitochondria of animals and humans contain ______; can be harmful.

Back 31

70S ribosomes

Front 32

Back 32

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Front 33

Some drugs become incorporated into cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity.

Back 33

In the Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

Front 34

What attaches to ergosterol found in fungal membranes. Humans somewhat susceptible because cholesterol similar to ergosterol?

Back 34

Amphotericin B (polyene)

Front 35

Bacteria lack _____; not susceptible.

Back 35

Sterols

Front 36

What inhibit ergosterol synthesis?

Back 36

Azoles and Allyamines

Front 37

What disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gramnegatives; toxic to human kidneys. Some parasitic drugs act against cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 37

Polymyxin

Front 38

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

Back 38

Amphotericin

Front 39

Back 39

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

Front 40

In the Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways, when differences exist between metabolic processes of pathogen and host, _________ can be effective.

Back 40

Antimetabolic Agents

Front 41

What interfere with the metabolism of malaria parasites?

Back 41

Quinolones

Front 42

What inactivate enzymes?

Back 42

Heavy metals

Front 43

What disrupt tubulin polymerization and glucose uptake by many protozoa and parasitic worms?

Back 43

Agents

Front 44

What block activation of viruses. Metabolic antagonists?

Back 44

Drugs

Front 45

Back 45

Pencilin G (natural)

Front 46

Back 46

Cephalothin (semisynthetic)

Front 47

Back 47

Methicillin (semisynthetic)

Front 48

Back 48

Aztreonam (semisynthetic)

Front 49

What are the 2 Penicillins?

Back 49

Penicillin G (natural) and Methicillin (semisynthetic)

Front 50

Cephalosporin

Back 50

Cephalothin (semisynthetic)

Front 51

Monobactam

Back 51

Aztreonam (semisynthetic)

Front 52

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

Back 52

PABA

Front 53

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

Back 53

Sulfamethoxazole

Front 54

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

Back 54

Sulfanilamide

Front 55

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

Back 55

Sulfisoxazole

Front 56

Back 56

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

Front 57

What binds to enzyme involved in conversion of dihydrofolic acid to THF?

Back 57

Trimethoprim

Front 58

Humans obtain ______; metabolism unaffected.

Back 58

Folic acid

Front 59

What can target unique aspects of viral metabolism?

Back 59

Antiviral agents

Front 60

What neutralize acidity of phagolysosome and prevent viral uncoating?

Back 60

Amantadine, rimantadine, and weak organic bases

Front 61

What neutralize acidity of phagolysosome and prevent viral uncoating?

Back 61

Amantadine, rimantadine, and weak organic bases

Front 62

What function by blocking DNA replication or mRNA transcription?

Back 62

Several drugs

Front 63

Only slight differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA; drugs often affect both types of cells. Not normally used to treat infections; used in research and perhaps to slow cancer cell replication.

Back 63

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Front 64

Compounds can interfere with function of nucleic acids (________).

Back 64

Nucleotide Analogs

Front 65

________ of nucleic acid molecules and prevent further replication, transcription, or translation.

Back 65

Distorted shapes

Front 66

Most often used against viruses;__________ more likely to incorporate and viral nucleic acid synthesis more rapid than that in host cells. Also effective against rapidly dividing cancer cells

Back 66

Viral DNA polymerases

Front 67

Back 67

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Front 68

In the Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis, what act against prokaryotic DNA gyrase; little effect on eukaryotes or viruses?

Back 68

Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones

Front 69

Other drugs bind to and inhibit action of RNA polymerase during transcription;

Back 69

rifampin

Front 70

What are the 6 Ideal Antimicrobial Agent?

Back 70

• Readily available• Inexpensive

• Chemically stable• Easily administered• Nontoxic and nonallergenic• Selectively toxic against wide range of pathogens

Front 71

▪ Spectrum of action▪ Efficacy Dosages required to be effective Routes of administration Overall safety▪ Side effect

Back 71

Evaluation of Antimicrobial

Front 72

Back 72

Spectrum of Action

Front 73

What may allow for secondary or superinfections to develop?

Back 73

Broad-spectrum Antimicrobials

Front 74

What may allow for secondary or superinfections to develop?

Back 74

Broad-spectrum Antimicrobials

Front 75

Killing of _______ reduces microbial antagonism.

Back 75

normal flora

Front 76

Ascertained by• Diffusion susceptibility tests• Minimum inhibitory concentration test• Minimum bactericidal concentration test

Back 76

Efficacy

Front 77

Back 77

Diffusion Susceptibility Test

Front 78

Back 78

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Test

Front 79

Back 79

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Test

Front 80

Back 80

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MIC) Test

Front 81

Back 81

Routes of Administration

Front 82

What are the 4 Routes of Administration?

Back 82

• Tropical

• Oral

• Intramuscular

• Intravenous

Front 83

What is the application of drug if infection is external?

Back 83

Topical

Front 84

What is the simplest; lower drug concentrations; no reliance on health care provider; patients do not always follow prescribing information?

Back 84

Oral

Front 85

What requires needle for administration; concentration never as high as IV administration?

Back 85

Intramuscular

Front 86

What requires needle or catheter; drug concentration diminishes as liver and kidneys remove drug from circulation. A must know how antimicrobial agent will be distributed to infected tissues?

Back 86

Intravenous

Front 87

In the Safety and Side Effects, what are the 3 main categories of side effects?

Back 87

1. Toxicity

2. Allergies3. Disruption of normal microbiota

Front 88

Exact cause of many adverse reactions poorly understood. Drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves. Considerations needed when prescribing drugs to pregnant women.

Back 88

Toxicity

Front 89

Although allergic reactions are rare, they may be life threatening. Anaphylactic shock

Back 89

Allergies

Front 90

May result in secondary infections

Overgrowth of normal flora – superinfections. One of the greatest concern for hospitalized patients.

Back 90

Disruption of Normal Microbiota

Front 91

Overgrowth of normal flora.

Back 91

Superinfections

Front 92

In The Development of Resistant Organisms in Populations, some are naturally partially or completely resistant. Resistance by bacteria acquired in 2 ways, what are those?

Back 92

• New mutations of chromosomal genes

• Acquisition of R-plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Front 93

Back 93

The Development of Resistant Organisms in Populations

Front 94

In Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance. Pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug at a time. Common when _______ exchanged.

Back 94

R-plasmids

Front 95

Develop in hospitals and nursing homes; constant use of drugs eliminates sensitive cells.

Back 95

Superbugs and Cross resistance

Front 96

High concentrations of drug maintained in patient for long enough time to kill all sensitive cells and inhibit others long enough for immune system to destroy. Limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases.

Back 96

In Retarding Resistance

Front 97

Use antimicrobial agents in combination;

Back 97

synergism vs. antagonism

Front 98

Development of new variations of existing drugs (novel side chains added to original molecule).

Back 98

• Second-generation drugs

• Third-generation drugs