Controlling Microbial Growth In The Body

Front 1

Chemicals that affect an organisms physiology in any matter

Back 1

Drugs

Front 2

Drugs that act against diseases

Back 2

Chemotherapeutic agents

Front 3

Drugs that treat infections

Back 3

Antimicrobial agents

Front 4

Antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms

Back 4

Antibiotics

Front 5

Worked with Gram-positive bacteria staphylococci-- penicillin
Left old cultures in a corner
Discovery of antibiotics

Back 5

Alexander Fleming

Front 6

Discovered sulfanilamide- interferes with folic acid production
FIrst broad spectrum antimicrobial used large-scale

Back 6

Gerhard Domagk

Front 7

-Complex molecules not essential for normal growth and reproduction
-Only manufactured long after organism has been growing

Back 7

Secondary Metabolites
(Antibiotics)

Front 8

Mechanism of Antimicrobial Action
-act by preventing cross-linkage of NAM subunits
-beta-lactams= intefere with enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits

Back 8

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
-ex: penicillin

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The antimicrobial must be more toxic to a pathogen than to pathogen's host

Back 9

Selective toxicity

Front 10

Antibiotics interfere with the enzymes that cross-link the NAM subunits
-mechanism of antimicrobial action

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Beta-lactams
-ex: Penicillin
-Inhibition of cell wall Syntheisis

Front 11

Interferes with bridges that link NAM subunits in many Gram-positive bacteria

Back 11

Vancomycin
-inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Front 12

blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm out to the cell wall

Back 12

Bacitracin
-inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Front 13

Drugs can selectively target translation via the 70S ribosome in prokaryotes

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Inhibition of protein synthesis
-danger: mitochondria in animals contain 70S ribosomes

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Caused by aminoglycosides
-incorrect amino acids, mRNA misread
-inhibition of protein synthesis

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Change in shape of 30S subunit

Front 15

Casued by tetracycline & aminoglycosides
-prevent protein elongation
-inhibition of protein synthesis

Back 15

Block tRNA binding site

Front 16

Chloramphenicol prevents formation of peptide bonds
-inhibition of protein synthesis

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Block enzymatic activity of the 50S subunit

Front 17

Lincosamides/macrolides bind to 50S
-synthesis stops
-inhibition of protein synthesis

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Prevent movement of ribosome

Front 18

Disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram- + bacteria- also eukaryotic cells

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Gramicidin
-Disruption of Cell Membranes

Front 19

Disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram - bacteria
toxic: kidney damage

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Polymyxin
-Disruption of Cell Membranes

Front 20

Attach to lipid ergosterol in eukaryotic fungal membranes
-humans somewhat suseptible (cholesterol)
-bacteria lack sterols- not suseptible

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Polyenes
-Amphotericin B & Nystatin

Front 21

Structurally mimic PABA=
(precursor of folic acid biosyn in bacteria)
-interact with and shut down enzymes

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Sulfonamide antibiotics
-targeting metabolism

Front 22

Not normally used to treat infections, but can be used against viruses.

Back 22

Targeting replication and transcription
-only slight diff between pro/eu DNA

Front 23

act against replication enzymes specific to prokaryotes, little effect on eukaryotes or viruses

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Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
-Targeting replication and transcription

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external infection

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Topical

Front 25

Simplest, lower drug concentrations, patients dont always follow

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Oral

Front 26

reg needle for admin, concentration never as high as IV

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Intramuscular

Front 27

Requires needle or catheter, highest drug concentration, diminishes as liver and kidneys remove from circulation

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Intravenous

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-new mutatuions of chromosomal genes
-acquisition of plasmids

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How bacteria can aquire resistance

Front 29

Pathogen can aquire resistance to more than one antibiotic at a time

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Mutiple Resistance

Front 30

Pathogen can develop resistance to many similar antibiotics

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Cross resistance

Front 31

Resistance to most commonly used antibiotics

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Suerbugs
-MRSA

Front 32

High concentration of drug for long time to kill all sensitive cells and inhibit other so immune system can destroy them.

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Retarding Development of resistance

Front 33

2 drugs work better together than either alone

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Synergism