Chapter 1: Cell Definitions

Front 1

Classification (taxonomy)

Back 1

Domain (Eukarya, bacteria, archaea) , Kingdom, Phylum (Chordata), Class (Mammalia, Aves), Order, Family Genus, Species

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Species

Back 2

Compatible gametes to make fertile offsprings; can reproduce (unless there is geographic isolation, temporal isolation, genetic incompatibility)

Front 3

Genotype, phenotype

Back 3

Chromosome composition, what can be observed

Front 4

Allele

Back 4

form of a gene P or p

Front 5

polymorphism, gene pool, evolutionspeciation

Back 5

has multiple alleles corresponding to distinct phenotypes, all the alleles in a population, change in a population's gene poolformation of new species

Front 6

Speciation contributors

Back 6

Inbreeding, not outbreeding, bottleneck

Front 7

Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 7

Theoretical population with no mutation:

1. Mutational equilibrium

2. Large population (no genetic drift)

3. Random Mating (no sex preference

4. No emmigration or immigration (same genep.)

5. No selection of the fittest (fitness concept, differential reproduction.

Front 8

Virus

Back 8

infectious agents, transfer genetic material, coated with capsid (protein coat), has DNA or RNA, cannot make proteins or ATP

receptor mediated endocytosis in eukaryotes; replicates through RdRP; ssDNA to dsDNA; retroviruses (HIV)

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Lytic

Back 9

synthetic machinery, latent period (infection to lysis), virulent (causes disease), virus injected and replication until cell lyses (dsDNA0

Front 10

Lysogenic

Back 10

virus in host genome, host cell replicates, temporate (may show no symptoms), dormant/latent

Front 11

Viroids, prions

Back 11

naked RNA w/out capsids for plants; naked proteins that reproduce w/out DNA or RNA for animals

Front 12

Prokaryotes

Back 12

no membrane bound organelles (nucleoid); anaerobic or aerobic; Bacteria (symbiotic, peptidoglycan, bacilli, cocci, spirilli), Archaea (extreme environments)

Front 13

Bacteria + terms

Back 13

Protoplast and bacterial envelope; for gram positive (purple)- cytoplasm, plasma membrane (phosphate head, 2 fatty acids, glycerol backbone) , periplasmic space, peptidoglycan (disaccharide with polypeptide linkages that antibiotics target), capsule; flagellar propulsion/ chemotaxis

Front 14

Bacterial reproduction

Back 14

Binary fission for 2 daughter cells;

Genetic recombination =

1) Conjugation (transfer of plasmid, F+/- and R; sex pilus, episome) +

2)Transformation (getting infected with external DNA; heat killed virulent with normal alive) +

3) Transduction ( done through a vector virus that accidentally takes up donor DNA)

Front 15

Transposons

Back 15

Jump from one DNA to another on a bacterial genome with enzyme transposase

Front 16

Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

Back 16

Membrane Nuc/Org; Naked DNA vs. histones; post translational modifications (no, yes); ribosomes (small, large), cell walls (peptidoglycan,chitin,cellulose); Flagella (flagellin, microtubules); Division (binary fission, mitosis)

Front 17

Nucleus

Back 17

Nuclear envelope (plasma membrane), nuclear pores (rna leaves), nucleolus (rRNA transcription site)

Front 18

ER (rough)

Back 18

proteins made in cytosol stay in the cell; but a signal sequence attaches translating protein to rough ER membrane for completion

Front 19

Golgi

Back 19

gets proteins from ER, packages (glycosylation), and secretes to 1. lysosomes to damaged organelle, 2. lysosomes to digestion, 3 out of the cell

Front 20

Secretory vessicles

Back 20

exocytosis, add to the membrane, proinsulin to insulin (constitutional and regulatory)

Front 21

lysosomes

Back 21

hydrolytic enzymes with acid hydrolases; pH=5; can rupture and kill the cell; apoptosis

Front 22

Smooth ER

Back 22

tubular; has glucose 6- phosphatase in liver and kidney that hydrolyzes glucose 6 phosphate to glucose; also in muscle cells (sequesters calcium from actin myosin); lipid produced (adipocytes);

Front 23

Peroxisomes

Back 23

in cytosol for lipid and protein storage; self replicate; produce and break down hydrogen peroxide; inactivate alcohol, regulate oxygen concentration, synthesize and breakdown lipids, metabolize nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates

Front 24

Mitochondria

Back 24

ATP production, endosymbiotic theory of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, have separate circular DNA; antibiotics can target mitochondrial ribosomes; inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae

Front 25

Cytoskeleton

Back 25

microtubules [transport on the inside + cell shape; MTOC - end (centrosome with 2 centrioles for flagell and cilia) ]> intermediate filaments (cell shape like keratin) > microfilaments (actin myosin muscle contraction; pinch cytoplasm during cytokinesis)

Front 26

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic flagella

Back 26

single flagellin chain, rotates; 9+2 microtubule configuration, whips, dyenin crossbridges

Front 27

micelles

Back 27

the spheres that form when you put an amphipathic membrane in water (most thermodynamically stable); if it has water inside, then it's a liposome

Front 28

integral vs. peripheral proteins

Back 28

amphipathic, hydrophilic; both glycoproteins

Front 29

Fluid mosaic model

Back 29

phospholipids and proteins slide past each other; membrane held together by intermolecular forces

Front 30

Diffusion across EC gradient

Back 30

Occurs in the direction of decreasing free energy/entropy

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Hypertonic

Back 31

More concentrated solutes

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Hypotonic

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Less concentrated solutes

Front 33

Colligative property

Back 33

It is based on the number of something (osmotic pressure)

Front 34

endocytosis

Back 34

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 35

Cell cycle

Back 35

Interphase (G1, S, G2); Mitosis and meiosis (M); Cytokinesis (C);

G1 has G0 the no growth phase that prevents division in cells ex: neurons

S is DNA replication: exact duplicate of each chromosome is made

G2 cells prepare to devide (end has mitosis promoting factor)

Front 36

Cancer

Back 36

Deactivation of tumor repressor and activation of oncogene

Front 37

Extracellular Matrix

Back 37

In tissues and made by fibroblasts; made up of 3 types of molecules: glycosaminoglycans andproteoglycans, structural proteins, adhesive proteins;

Front 38

Glycosaminoglycans

Back 38

polysaccharides and proteoglycans, 90% of ECM,give pliability

Front 39

Structural and adhesive proteins

Back 39

collagen for strength, sticking cells together

Front 40

basal lamina and glycocalyx

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1. thin sheet of ECM material that separates the epithelial cells from supportive tissue; nerves fat, and muscle cells;

2. separates cell membrane from ECM

Front 41

Connections between cells (intercellular junctions)

Back 41

Tight junctions (epithelial tissue like bladder, intestine, kidney), desmosomes (stressed epithelial tissue like skin or intestine), gap junctions (cardiac muscle)

Front 42

types of tissues

Back 42

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous; atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community