Chapter 1 C++

Front 1

Why program?

Back 1

Computers can do many different jobs because they are programmable.

Front 2

What are the things necessary
for any real-world computer program?

Back 2

• The logical flow of the instructions
• The mathematical procedures
• The appearance of the screens
• The way information is presented to the Llser
• Program's "user friendliness"
• Manuals and other written documentation

Front 3

What is Hardware?

Back 3

refers to the physical components that a compurer is made of. A computer, as
we generally think of it, is not an individual device, but a syStem of devices.

Front 4

What are the five major components of a computer?

Back 4

1. The central processing unit (CPU)
2. Main memory
3. Secondary storage devices
4. Input devices
5. Output devices

Front 5

What is CPU?

Back 5

At the heart of a computer is its central processing tIIlit, or CPU. The CPU's job is to fetch
instructions, follow the instructions, and produce some result.

Front 6

What does a CPU consist of?

Back 6

central processing
unit consists of two parts: the cO/1trol tmit and the arithmetic and logic Im;t (ALU).

Front 7

What does a CU do?

Back 7

The control unit coordinates all of the computer's operations. It is responsible for determining
where to get the next instruction and regulating the other major components of the computer with control signals.

Front 8

What does ALU do?

Back 8

The ari thmetic and logic unit, as its name suggests, is designed to
perform mathematical operations.

Front 9

What is Fetch?

Back 9

The CPU's control unit fetches, from main memory. the next instruction in the sequence of program instructions

Front 10

What is decode?

Back 10

The Instruction is encoded in the form of a number. The control unit decodes the instruction and generates an electronic signal.

Front 11

What is execute?

Back 11

The signal is routed to the appropriate component of rhe computer (such as the ALU, a d isk drive, or some mher device). The signal causes
the component to perform an operation .

Front 12

What is Main Memory?

Back 12

Commonly known as random-access memory, or RAM, the computer's main memory is a
device that holds information. Specifically, RAM holds (he sequences of instructions in the programs thar afe running and the data those programs are usi ng.

Front 13

What are input devices?

Back 13

Input is any information the computer collects from the outside world. The device that
collects the information and sends it to the computer is called an iI/put device. Common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera. and microphone. Disk
drives, CD/DVD drives, and USB drives can also be considered input devices because programs and information are retrieved from them and loaded into the computer's memory.

Front 14

What are output devices?

Back 14

Output is any information the computer sends to the outside world. It might be a sales
report, a list of names, or a graphic image. The information is sent to an output device,
which formars and presents it. Common output devices are monirors, primers, and speakers.
Output sem to a monitor is sometimes called "so[rcopy," while ourpllt sent ro a
prinrer is called "hardcopy." Disk drives, USB drives, and CDIDVD recorders can also be
considered output devices because the CPU sends them information to be saved.

Front 15

What is software?

Back 15

refers to the programs that run on a computer. There are two general categories of software: operating systems and application software. An
operating system is a set of programs thar manages (he computer's hardware devices and controls their processes. Operating systems fall into one of the following caregones.

Front 16

What is single-tasking?

Back 16

A single tasking operating sysrem is capable of running only one program at a time. The computer devotes all its hardware resources and
CPU time to each program as it executes. MS-DOS is an example of a single tasking operating system.

Front 17

What is multi-tasking?

Back 17

A multitask ing operating system is capable of run ning multiple programs at once. Thcough a technique called lime sharing, the system
divides the alloca tion of hardware resources and the anention of the CPU among all the executing programs. UN1X, Windows XP, and Windows Vista are multitasking operating systems.

Front 18

What is single-user?

Back 18

This type of system allows only one user to operate the computer at a
time. MS-DOS and older versions of Windows are single user operating
systems.

Front 19

What is multi-user?

Back 19

Multiuser systems allow several users to run programs and operate the
computer at once. Most varia tions of the UNIX operating system are
multiuser systems .

Front 20

What is application software?

Back 20

refers to programs that make the computer useful to the user. these programs solve specific problems or perform general operations that satisfy the needs of
the user. Word processing, spreadsheet, and database programs are all examples of application software.

Front 21

What is a program?

Back 21

A program is a set of instructions a computer follows in order to perform
a task, A programming language is a special language used to write computer programs.

Front 22

what are key words?

Back 22

Words thar have a special meaning. Key words may only be used for their intended purpose. Key words are also known as reserved words.

Front 23

what are program defined identity operators?

Back 23

Words or names defined by the programmer. They are symbolic names that
refer ro variables or programming routines

Front 24

what are operators?

Back 24

Operators perform operarions on one or more opcmnds. An operand i susually a piece of data, like a number

Front 25

what is punctuation?

Back 25

Punctuation ch aracters that mark the beginning or ending of a statement, or separate items in a lise.

Front 26

what is syntax?

Back 26

Rules tbat must be followed when constructing a program. Syntax dictates how key words and operators may be used, and where punctuation symbols
ml,lsr appear.

Front 27

What is preprocessor Directive?

Back 27

The !include <iostream> statement in line 2 is a preprocessor directive.

Front 28

What is a variable?

Back 28

A variable is a named storage location in the computer's memory for holding a piece of
information.

Front 29

Variable Definition

Back 29

In programming, there are two general types of data: numbers and cha racters. Numbers
are used to perform mathematical operations and characte rs are used to print data on the screen or on paper.

Front 30

What are 3 activities of a program?

Back 30

The three primary activities of a program are input, processing, and output

Front 31

The Programing Process

Back 31

The programming process consists of several steps, which include design,
crea tion, tes ting, and debugging activities.