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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statistics
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the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data
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variable
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a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
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data
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the values that variables can assume
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random variables
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variables whose values are determined by chance
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data set
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a collection of data values
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datum/ data value
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each value in a data set
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descriptive statistics
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describes the situation
consists of collection, organization,summarization and presentation of data |
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inferential statistics
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makes inferences from samples to populations
generalizing, performing estimations & hypothesis testing, determining variable relationships, making predictions |
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probability
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the chance of an event occurring
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sample
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a group selected from a population
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population
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all subjects being studied
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qualitative variables
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can be placed into distinct categories
ex; gender,location, preference |
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quantitative variables
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numerical and can be ordered
subgroups; discrete continuous |
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discrete variables
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a type of quantitative variable
assumes values can be counted |
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continuous variables
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a type of quantitative variable
can assume all values between two specific values are obtained by measuring |
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four common types of measurement scales
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nominal
ordinal interval ratio |
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nominal level of measurement
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classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), exhaustive categories
no order or ranking can be imposed ex; gender, eye color, nationality |
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ordinal level of measurement
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classifies data into categories that can be ranked
precise differences between ranks do not exist ex;letter grade, place judgment, quality rating scale |
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interval level of measurement
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ranks data
precise differences do exist no meaningful zero ex; SAT score, IQ, Temperature |
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ratio level of measurement
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ranks data
precise differences exist there is a true zero ex; height, weight, time, salary, age |
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three common methods of surveying
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telephone
mailed questionnaire personal interview |
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four basic methods of sampling
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random
systematic stratified cluster sampling |
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How are random samples selected?
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chance methods or random numbers
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How are systematic samples obtained?
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by numbering each subject of the population and selecting every kth subject
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How are cluster samples obtained?
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by using smaller intact groups within a larger population
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How are stratified samples obtained?
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by dividing the population into groups according to a characteristic important to the study and taking samples from each group.
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What is a convenience sample?
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subjects that are convenient
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independent variable
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is manipulated by the researcher
"explanatory variable" |
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dependent variable
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the outcome variable
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treatment group
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the group receiving instruction or treatment
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control group
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the group receiving no special treatment or instruction
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confounding variable
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outside influences
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ambiguous averages
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choosing mean, mode, median or midrange as best supports the claim
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changing the subject
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expressing findings in different ways to support claim
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detached statistics
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no comparison is made
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implied connections
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an attempt to apply connections between variable that may not exist
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misleading graphs
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inappropriately drawn graphs that misrepresent data
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