Chapter 1 & 2 Review

Front 1

Incas

Back 1

A large civilization that developed in south America, in the Andes mountains. This people had an advanced language but were soon brought down by the Spanish conquistador Pizarro, who killed the emperor after taking most of the Incas' gold and silver.

Front 2

Mayas

Back 2

This ancient civilization developed in the the Yucatan Peninsula, in Mexico. This civilization developed the first calendar and were the first to use the number zero. this civilization collapsed after a drought that was cause by their farming technique slash and burn.

Front 3

Aztecs

Back 3

This civilization developed in central Mexico. They were best known for their strong military forces and for their bloody human sacrifices. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes made allies with the Aztecs' enemies and brought this civilization to its end.

Front 4

Chaco Canyon

Back 4

This canyon is located in the southern part of New Mexico. In this canyon, the first settlers were the Apache and Navajo, which adapted to the climate and to zone. this civilizations left many thing behind such as painting and pottery that was found in the ruins.

Front 5

Woodland Indians

Back 5

This Indians developed in North Georgia, a place full of trees and small rivers. This Indians hunted and also grew their food. Advances in technology, like the bow and arrow made their hunting more efficient. They also developed pottery skills that helped them as tool for trading.

Front 6

Mobile Societies

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The Plain Indians were known for their ability to move very fast in order to follow their game to survive. This people lived in tepees, which helped pack their stuff faster and move from location to location faster in.

Front 7

Agriculture

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Many native started practicing agricultural techniques by growing many cash crops that were used to trade with the settlers or with other tribes in order to survive. They also grew many fruits closed to the rivers.

Front 8

Leif Erikson

Back 8

He was a well know viking that made an exploration trip to North America and founded a small town in Greenland.

Front 9

Prince Henry the Navigator

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He was a prince in Portugal who became the king after his father. He also founded a school for navigator and mapmaker in which they learned navigating techniques and cartography.

Front 10

Christopher Columbus

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He was navigator, a colonizer, and an explore. With the help of the king and queen of Spain, he was able to set on an exploration trip, in which he founded some colonies in some part of North America.

Front 11

Ferdinand Magellan

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He was a Portuguese explore, but worked for the Spanish king. He was the first to make a trip from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. His crew were the first to circumnavigate the earth.

Front 12

The Conquistadors

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This word mean the conquers in English. This word was used to describe all those explores that landed on a certain land, destroyed the indigenous people from that region, and colonized it under the crown they represented. This word mainly describe Spanish and Portuguese explores.

Front 13

Cortes

Back 13

He was a Spanish explore that landed in the coast on the Aztec empire. With the help of the enemies of the Aztecs, he was able to overpower the Aztec warriors and bring their empire to an end. He became the governor of the new land he conquered, Mexico.

Front 14

Francisco Pizarro

Back 14

He was a Spanish explore and conquistador that explore the empires in South America. He also located the Inca empire and was able to conquer it with the help of their weapons. He colonized this lands under the Spanish crown.

Front 15

Ordinance of Discovery (Aztec)

Back 15

It was an event in which many explores, conquistadors, and many settlers came to the new world in order to colonize it.

Front 16

Catholic Missionaries (natives)

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Catholic missionaries usually came with explores in order to convert many of the new Indians to their religion. Many built missions in order to get the Indians to come and learn more about Catholicism. Many natives were force to convert while others did by themselves. They were forced to change their life style and beliefs.

Front 17

St. Augustine 1565

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It was founded in 1565 by the Spanish explore Pedro Menendez de Aviles. This city lies in a region of Florida known as "The First Coast." It was first controlled by the Spanish but then taken by the British in the treaty of Paris.

Front 18

Encomiendas

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It was a labor system enforced by the Spanish during their colonization period. The crown gave a person a certain number of natives that helped the person in labor to get mineral and crop.

Front 19

Pueblo Revolt

Back 19

Or the Pope's Rebellion was a rebellion from the Pueblo people against the Spanish colonization the providence of New Mexico.

Front 20

Mestizo

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A Spanish term that was used during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.

Front 21

John Cabot

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He was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century.

Front 22

Richard Hakluyt

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He was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation.

Front 23

Doctrine of Predestination

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Doctrine of Predestination is a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world.

Front 24

The English Reformation

Back 24

It was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across most of Europe during this period.

Front 25

John Calvin

Back 25

He was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530.

Front 26

Puritan Separatists

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They were puritans who separated themselves from the church of England.

Front 27

Pequot War

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An armed conflict in 1634 between the alliance of Massachusetts bay and Plymouth colonies against with American allies (Narragansett and Mohegan) against the Pequot tribe.

Front 28

King Phillips War

Back 28

An armed conflict between natives inhabitants of New England. Metacomet was the main leader

Front 29

The Narragansett’s

Back 29

Native tribe from Rhode island one of the early leading tribes of new England

Front 30

English Civil War

Back 30

(1642-1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political conflicts between the parliamentarians and the royalists.

Front 31

Middle Colonies

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Also known as the bread basket for the regions grain and oats which were new jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

Front 32

Quakers

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Religious group that thought themselves as part of the restoration of the true Christian church.

Front 33

William Penn

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An English absolute proprietor of Pennsylvania which James II of England gave to him.

Front 34

Charter of Liberties

Back 34

Also known as the coronation charter, was a proclamation by Henry I of England issued upon his succession on the throne in 1100 which sought to bind the king of certain laws regarding the treating of

Front 35

Black Codes

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Laws passed on the state and local level to limit the rights and liberties.

Front 36

Holy Experiment

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An attempt by the Quakers to established a community for themselves in Pennsylvania, William Penn was the founder of this colony.

Front 37

California 1760’s

Back 37

Colonize by the Spanish.

Front 38

James Oglethorpe

Back 38

A British general and was the founder of Georgia.

Front 39

Mercantilism

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Economic theory , thought to be a economic nationalism that holds its supply on capital and in international trade, assumes wealth and monetary assets are identical.

Front 40

The Navigation Acts

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A series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies and started on 1651 which were made after the eighty years war.

Front 41

Sir Edmond Andros

Back 41

Was a early colonial English governor in north America and head of the dominion of England, governor of Virginia and Maryland.

Front 42

The Glorious Revolution

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Also revolution of 1688 was the overthrow of king James II of England in 1688 by the union of parliamentarians which gave the throne to William II of England and Mary II of England.

Front 43

William Bradford

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March 19 1590- may 9 1657 was a English leader of the settlers on the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts and was elected thirty times governor and its proclaim the on the first thanksgiving.

Front 44

Cambridge Agreement

Back 44

An agreement on august 29 1629 between the shareholders of the Massachusetts bay company, which led directly to the foundation of Boston Massachusetts in which guaranteed that Massachusetts would be a self governing colony which establish john Winthrop as governor.

Front 45

Church of England (Anglican

Back 45

The official Christian church of the Anglican communion and the oldest of the churches.

Front 46

Covenant Theology

Back 46

Also known as federalism is a concept overview and interpretive framework understanding the bible.

Front 47

Halfway Covenant

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Was a form of partial church membership created in New England in 1662. promoted particularly by reverend Solomon Stoddard that felt the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose.

Front 48

Thomas Hooker

Back 48

Prominent puritan religious and colonial leader who founded the colony of Connecticut, and also had a role on the fundamental orders of Connecticut one of the first world’s written constitution.

Front 49

Saybrook Platform

Back 49

Refers to the conservatives’ religious proposals adopted by the saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. attempted to improve the disunity among the establishment of congregational churches, done after the halfway covenant and would end with the great awakening.

Front 50

Joint Stock company

Back 50

Business entity done by puritans when they arrive working for seven years to get help from the king.

Front 51

Cavaliers (1642-1647)

Back 51

The name used for parliamentarians for a royal support of king Charles I during the English civil war (1642-1651).

Front 52

John Locke

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29 august 1632 - 28 October 1704 widely known as father of liberalism was a English philosopher influential to enlightenment thinkers, and his ideas were reflected on the American declaration of independence.

Front 53

Elizabeth the I

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She was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Front 54

Coureurs De Bois

Back 54

He was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France.

Front 55

New Amsterdam

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It was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became New York City

Front 56

West India Company

Back 56

It was owned by four countries, the Dutch, the French, the Danish, and the Swedish.

Front 57

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 57

He was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for popularising tobacco in England.

Front 58

Roanoke

Back 58

on Roanoke Island in Dare County in present-day North Carolina was an enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. It was carried out by Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville (Raleigh's cousin) in the late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony.

Front 59

James I

Back 59

He was King of Scots as James VI from 1567 to 1625, and King of England and Ireland as James I from 1603 to 1625.

Front 60

Jamestown

Back 60

It's located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607.[1] It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. It was founded by the London Company (later to become the Virginia Company), headquartered in London.

Front 61

John Smith

Back 61

Admiral of New England was an English soldier, explorer, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Virginia Indian[1] girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Front 62

Lord De Lawar

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Englishmen who aided the colony of Virginia against the Powhatan's attacks. he did raids to natives villages and use many tactics that help defeat the Powhatan's. He became governor for life of the colony.

Front 63

Tobacco

Back 63

John Rolfe experimented in planting tobacco and became a demanded crop. Jamestown became the primary source for tobacco growth. Tobacco became very profitable.

Front 64

Virginia Company

Back 64

The company was a join stock charter by James I in April 10, 1606. It went bankrupt for giving charters to the colony of Jamestown it went bankrupt due to Indian uprisings. James revoked the charter given to the company and the colony came under his control.

Front 65

Headright System

Back 65

Is a legal grant that gives land to settlers. It started in 1618.They helped in the expansion of the North American colonies, the first 13.

Front 66

Powhatans

Back 66

It was the name given to the native group that inhabited Virginia. The Powhatans led many uprisings against the English fighting for their corresponding land. At the end the Powhatans weakened due to diseases and the English retaliated making them retreat.

Front 67

Maryland and the Calverts

Back 67

English group under control of Lord Baltimore. They were granted land in the year 1632. Got a charter from the king.. Protestants that took control over the Maryland colony. The Maryland colony purpose was to create heaven for the English Catholic and it started as a proprietary colony.

Front 68

Proprietary Rule

Back 68

Lord Baltimore was given land that he called it his property. This land was his to keep and it was granted to him by the king. With this land he created the colony of Maryland. They were absolute lords and proprietaries of the land.

Front 69

Toleration Act

Back 69

A law issued in the colony of Maryland that allowed religious freedom. It created the firs legal limitations on hate speech in the world.It allowed freedom to the trinitarian Christians.

Front 70

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 70

An uprising in the Virginia colony in the year 1676. New reforms were made that limited the power of the governor and restored rights to landless freeman. Berkley returned to power.

Front 71

Plymouth Plantation

Back 71

An English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. It was founded by a group of separatists and Anglicans and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It was settled by the Pilgrim Fathers and it is known because the colony was created for religious freedom rater than being entrepreneur.

Front 72

Mayflower Compact

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The first governing document of the Plymouth colony. It was made to keep the colony under control since no one was in charge of them. This compact had rules and regulations that ensured survival.

Front 73

William Bradford

Back 73

Governor of the Plymouth colony that was chosen again and again. He persuaded the king to give them legal permission to live there. Paid off what they owned through what they earned with the fur trade and he also distributed land.

Front 74

Colonial Currency

Back 74

There were three general types of money in the colonies of British America: commodity money, specie (coins), and paper money. Commodity money was used when cash (coins and paper money) was scarce. Commodities such as tobacco, beaver skins, and wampum served as money at various times and places.

Front 75

John Winthrop

Back 75

English men that became governor of the Massachusetts colony. In the 1630's led group of Puritans to the new world

Front 76

Theocratic Society

Back 76

This happen in Massachusetts in which the minister had a great influence on the church people towards politics. In return the government would protect the Minister and taxed the people to support the church. He would also enforced the law in attending at service.

Front 77

Roger Williams

Back 77

A Protestant Welsh soldier of fortune
In 1636 he founded the Rhode Island colony. His colony was the first one to promote religious freedom

Front 78

Anne Hutchinson

Back 78

Pioneer settler and an unauthorized minister of a dissident church
Arrived in the Massachusetts in 1634