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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gene expression
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the process by which a gene's information is converted into RNA and then (for protein-coding genes) into a polypeptide.
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transcription
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the conversion of DNA-encoded information to its RNA-encoded equivalent
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transcript
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the product of transcription
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mRNA stands for:
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messenger RNA
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messenger RNA is:
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RNA that serves as a template for protein synthesis
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translation
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the process in which the codons carried by mRNA direct the synthesis of polypeptides from amino acids according to the genetic code.
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ribosomes
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cytoplasmic structures composed of rRNA and proteins; the sites of protein synthesis
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genetic code
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the sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis
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transfer RNAs are
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small RNA adaptor molecules that place specific amino acids at the correct position in a growing polypeptide chain
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What does tRNA stand for?
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transfer RNA
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reverse transcription
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the process by which reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA strands complementary to an RNA template. The product of reverse transcription is a cDNA molecule
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codon
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nucleotide triplet that represents a particular amino acid to be inserted in a specific position in the growing amino acid chain during translation. Codons can be either in the mRNA or the DNA from which the RNA is transcribed
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point mutations
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a mutation of one base pair
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intragenic suppression
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the restoration of gene function by one mutation canceling the effects of another mutation in the same gene
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reading frame
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the partitioning of groups of three nucleotides from a fixed starting point such that the sequential interpretation of each succeeding triplet generates the correct order of amino acids in the resulting polypeptide chain
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frameshift mutations
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insertion or deletions of base pairs that alter the grouping of nucleotides into codons
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degeneracy
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property of the genetic code in which several different codons can specify the same amino acid
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RNA-like strand
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strand of double-helical DNA molecule that has the same nucleotide sequence as an mRNA (except for the substitution of T for U) and that is complementary to the template strand.
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nonsense codon
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the three stop codons that terminate translation.
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template strand
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the strand of double helix that is complementary to both the RNA-like DNA strand and the mRNA
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initiation codon
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nucleotide triplet that marks the precise spot in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA where the code for a particular polypetide begins
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