Chapter 02: Mendel's Breakthrough: Patterns, Particles, And Principles Of Heredity

Front 1

genes

Back 1

basic unit of biological information; specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein

Front 2

heredity

Back 2

the way genes transmit biochemical, physical, and behavioral traits from parents to offspring

Front 3

Approximately how many cells are there in the human body?

Back 3

One hundred trillion

Front 4

timbre

Back 4

characteristic quality of a sound

Front 5

flux

Back 5

the rate of flow of fluid, particles, or energy

Front 6

genetics

Back 6

the science of heredity

Front 7

When did Mendel publish his work?

Back 7

1866

Front 8

artificial selection

Back 8

the purposeful control of mating by choice of parents for the next generation

Front 9

What is the scientific name for dog?

Back 9

Canis domesticus

Front 10

What is the scientific name for wolf?

Back 10

Canis lupus

Front 11

How old is the oldest dog fossil?

Back 11

20,000 (Alaskan settlement)

Front 12

stocky

Back 12

of solid and sturdy form or build; thick-set and, usually, short.

Front 13

Assyrian

Back 13

Ancient people (~2,000 - 1,000 BC) of present day Iraq

Front 14

homunculus

Back 14

A misconception that miniature humans were contained within spermatozoa.

Front 15

What were the two majors misconceptions about heredity before Mendel?

Back 15

1) One parent contributes most to an offspring's inherited features

2) Parental traits become mixed and forever changed in the offspring

Front 16

self-fertilization is also called what?

Back 16

selfing

Front 17

self-fertilization is?

Back 17

fertilization in which both egg and pollen come from the same plant

Front 18

cross-fertilization

Back 18

brushing the pollen from one plant onto the female organ of another plant

Front 19

What is the scientific name for the garden pea?

Back 19

Pisum sativum

Front 20

continuous traits

Back 20

traits that show many intermediate forms, such as skin color or height in humans

Front 21

discrete traits

Back 21

clear-cut traits, such as purple versus white flowers in pea plants

Front 22

pure-breeding lines

Back 22

families of organisms that produce offspring with specific parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation

Front 23

hybrids

Back 23

offspring of genetically dissimilar parents; often used as synonym for heterozygous

Front 24

reciprocal crosses

Back 24

crosses in which the traits in the males and females are reversed, thereby controlling whether a particular trait is transmitted by the egg or the pollen

Front 25

parental (P) generation

Back 25

pure-breeding individuals whose progeny in subsequent generations will be studied fro specific traits

Front 26

first filial (F1) generation

Back 26

progeny of the parental generation in a controlled series of crosses

Front 27

monohybrid crosses

Back 27

crosses between parents that differ in only one trait

Front 28

second filial (F2) generation

Back 28

progeny resulting from self-crosses or intercrosses between individuals of the F1 generation ina series of controlled matings

Front 29

dominant trait

Back 29

the trait that appears in the F1 hybrids (heterozygotes) resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes

Front 30

recessive trait

Back 30

the trait that remains hidden in the F1 hybrids (heterozygotes) resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes; the recessive trait usually reappears in the second filial (F2) generation

Front 31

monohybrids

Back 31

the individuals having two different alleles for a single trait

Front 32

gametes

Back 32

specialized haploid cells (eggs and sperm or pollen) that carry genes between generations

Front 33

alleles

Back 33

alternative forms of a single gene

Front 34

zygote

Back 34

the diploid cell formed by the fertilization of the egg by the sperm during sexual reproduction

Front 35

law of segregation

Back 35

Mendel's first law

the law of segregation states that the two alleles for each trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation and then unite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization

Front 36

segregation

Back 36

equal separation of alleles for each trait during gamete formation, in which one allele of each gene goes to each gamete

Front 37

product rule

Back 37

states that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself

Front 38

sum rule

Back 38

the probability that any of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities

Front 39

How did Mendel prove that blending does not occur?

Back 39

Reexpression of recessive traits in F2 generations

Front 40

What did Mendel call antagonistic, reappearing traits?

Back 40

recessive

Front 41

What is the name for the visual summary of a cross?

Back 41

The Punnet square

Front 42

cystic fibrosis

Back 42

A genetically inherited disease that causes respiratory and digestive malfunctions

Front 43

phenotype

Back 43

an observable characteristic

Front 44

genotype

Back 44

the actual pair of alleles present

Front 45

homozygous

Back 45

a YY or a yy genotype

Front 46

heterozygous

Back 46

a genotype with two different alleles

Front 47

homozygote

Back 47

an individual with a homozygous genotype

Front 48

heterozygote

Back 48

an individual with a heterozygous genotype

Front 49

testcross

Back 49

a mating in which an individual showing the dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype

Crossed with homozygous recessive.

Front 50

dihybrid

Back 50

heterozygous for two genes at the same time

Front 51

How is an unknown genotype with a known phenotype, Y, listed?

Back 51

Y-

Front 52

parental types

Back 52

phenotypes that reflect a previously existing parental combination of genes that is retained during gamete formation

Front 53

recombinant types

Back 53

new phenotypic combinations

Front 54

independent assortment

Back 54

biological mechanism of gene shuffling

Front 55

What is the name of Mendel's second law?

Back 55

the law of independent assortment

Front 56

independent assortment

Back 56

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

Front 57

branched-line diagram

Back 57

shows all the possibilities for each gene in a sequence of columns

Front 58

multihybrid crosses

Back 58

mating between the F1 progeny of true-breeding parents that differed in three or more traits

Front 59

transgene

Back 59

a foreign gene

Front 60

Bt

Back 60

Bacillus thuringiensis

A bacterium lethal to insects but not to other animals

Front 61

Thalassemia

Back 61

Disease causing anemia, seen in 1/10 in parts of Italy. Recessive trait.

Front 62

anemia

Back 62

A reduced number of red blood cells

Front 63

Tay-Sachs

Back 63

A disease where an enzyme is not made, causing fatty buildup in the brain and mental retardation. Of Jewish decent

Front 64

pedigree

Back 64

A diagram of a family's relevant genetic features

Front 65

How are males represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 65

A square

Front 66

How are females represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 66

A circle

Front 67

How is unspecified sex represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 67

A diamond

Front 68

How are unaffected individuals represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 68

Shape not shaded in

Front 69

How are diseased individuals represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 69

Shape shaded

Front 70

How many cards are in each suit in a deck of playing cards?

Back 70

13

Front 71

How is consanguineous mating represented in pedigree analysis?

Back 71

double lines connecting the pairs

Front 72

consanguineous

Back 72

kon-sang-gwin-ee-uhs

having the same ancestry or descent; related by blood.

Front 73

95% of Down's cases are due to what problem in meiosis? What is the associated parental "problem"?

Back 73

meiotic nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes; associated with advanced maternal age

Note: 4% Robersonian translocation; 1% mosaicism (no maternal association).

Front 74

Is Huntington disease dominant or recessive?

Back 74

dominant

Front 75

Is hypercholesterolemia dominant or recessive?

Back 75

dominant

Front 76

Is sickle-cell anemia dominant or recessive?

Back 76

recessive

Front 77

Is thalassemia dominant or recessive?

Back 77

recessive

Front 78

Is cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive?

Back 78

recessive

Front 79

Is PKU dominant or recessive?

Back 79

recessive

Front 80

What does PKU stand for?

Back 80

phenylketonuria

Front 81

Is Tay-Sachs disease dominant or recessive?

Back 81

recessive

Front 82

On a pedigree, a vertical pattern of inheritance indicates:

Back 82

A rare dominant trait

Front 83

On a pedigree, a horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates:

Back 83

a rare recessive trait

Front 84

Why are most deleterious dominant traits uncommon?

Back 84

Because they kill their carrier before being passed on to progeny. The exception is late-onset conditions, such as Huntington disease.

This is why recessive traits are more common.

Front 85

deleterious

Back 85

injurious

Front 86

What is the most commonly inherited recessive disease among American Caucasians?

Back 86

cystic fibrosis

Front 87

What is the survival rate of someone with cystic fibrosis?

Back 87

10% make it to age 30.

Front 88

How common is cystic fibrosis in the US?

Back 88

One in every 2,000 Americans are born with it.

Front 89

carriers

Back 89

unaffected; bear a dominant normal allele that masks the effects of the recessive abnormal one

Front 90

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Affected children always have at least one affected parent?

Back 90

The trait is dominant

Front 91

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Traits show a vertical pattern of inheritance; the trait shows up in every generation

Back 91

Dominant trait

Front 92

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Two affected parents can produced unaffected children only if both parents are heterozygotes

Back 92

Dominant trait

Front 93

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Affected individuals can be the children of two unaffected carriers, particularly as a result of consanguineous matings

Back 93

recessive trait

Front 94

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.All the children of two affected parents should be affected

Back 94

recessive trait

Front 95

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Horizontal pattern of inheritance; the trait first appears among several members of one generation and is not seen in earlier generations

Back 95

recessive trait

Front 96

In a pedigree, what is indicated when:
.
.Traits show a vertical pattern of inheritance only if the trait is extremely common in the population

Back 96

recessive trait

Front 97

salient

Back 97

prominent or conspicuous (easily seen or noticed)

Front 98

population genetics

Back 98

the area of genetics that analyzes differences among groups of individuals

Front 99

How did a Jewish community in Brooklyn eradicate Tay Sachs in their community?

Back 99

The rabbis encouraged genetic screening before match making.

Front 100

How common is hemochromatosis?

Back 100

1 of every 200 people in the US are affected

Front 101

berylliosis

Back 101

chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds

Front 102

A 3:1 phenotypic ratio results when:

Back 102

results from crosses between plants that are hybrid (heterozygous) for one gene.

E.g., Rr x Rr

Front 103

How many suits in a deck of playing cards? What are they?

Back 103

4; hearts and diamonds, spades and clubs

Front 104

What group is Tay-Sachs common to?

Back 104

Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe

Front 105

The binding of a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe to an RNA or DNA sequence is known as ________.

Back 105

hybridization

Front 106

The Pax6 gene is an example of __________ evolution.

Back 106

divergent evolution

Front 107

piebald spotting

Back 107

condition found in humans in which there are patches of skin that lack pigmentation

Front 108

Are chin dimples dominant or recessive?

Back 108

dominant

Front 109

What is cerumen?

Back 109

si-roo-muhn

earwax

Front 110

stallion

Back 110

an uncastrated adult male horse, esp. one used for breeding.

Front 111

mare

Back 111

a fully mature female horse or other equine animal.

Front 112

foal

Back 112

a young horse, mule, or related animal, esp. one that is not yet one year of age.

Front 113

What is independent assortment?

Back 113

Alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes.

Front 114

What is segregation?

Back 114

The separation of the two alleles of a gene into different gametes.

Front 115

What's a good definition for a dihybrid cross?

Back 115

A cross between individuals both heterozygous for two genes.

Front 116

What are the face cards of a deck?

Back 116

jack, queen, king

Front 117

fraternal twin

Back 117

non-identical twins

Front 118

What is ACHOO syndrome?

Back 118

(Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helioophthalmic Outburst)

a genetic autosomal dominant disorder that results in uncontrollable sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights

Front 119

Cutis laxa

Back 119

a group of rare connective tissue disorders in which the skin becomes inelastic and hangs loosely in folds.

Front 120

nail–patella syndrome (NPS)

Back 120

a genetic disorder that results in small, poorly developed nails and kneecaps, but can also affect many other areas of the body such as the elbows, chest, and hips as well. The name "nail-patella" can be very misleading because the syndrome does often affect many other areas of the body including even the production of certain proteins.

Front 121

Midphalangeal hair is _____ and is a __________ trait

Back 121

hair on top of the middle segment of the fingers; dominant