Chap 10 Developmental Theories:life Course

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Developmental theories

Back 1

Seek to identify, describe, and understand the development factors that explain the onset and continuation of a criminal career
Intertwining of personal factors, social factors, socialization factors, cognitive factors, and situational factors

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Life course

Back 2

Views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences. The propensity for crime changes over the life course. Multiple pathways to crime, multiple classes of criminals, crime and its causes are interactional:they affect each other.

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Social developmental Model

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Attibutes criminal behavior patterns to childhood socialization and pro- or antisoical attachement over the life course.

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Interactional theory's major premise?

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Criminals go through lifestyle changes during their offending career.

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Age-graded theory's major premise?

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As people mature, the factos that influence their propensity to commit crime change. In childhood, family factors are critical; in adulthood , marital and job factos are key.

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Major premise of General theory of crime?

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Crime and criminality are separate concepts. People choose to commit crime when they lack self-control. People lacking self-control will seize criminal opportunities.

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Strengths of life course?

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Explains why some at-risk children desist from crime,

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Research focus of life course?

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Identify critical moments in a person's life course that produce crime.

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Strengths of interactional theory?

Back 9

Combines sociological and psychological theories.

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Research focus of interactional theory?

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Identify crime-producing interpersonal interactions and their reciporcal effects.

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Strengths of age-graded theory?

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Shows how crime is a developmental process that shifts in direction over the life course.

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Research focus of age-graded theory?

Back 12

Identify critical points in the life course that produce crime. Analyze the association between social capital and crime.

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Strengths of General Theory of Crime?

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Integrates choice and soical control concepts. Identifies the difference between crime and criminality.

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Research focus of General Theory of Crime?

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Measure association among impulsivity, low self-control, and criminal behavior.

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The Integrated Approach to Theory Construction?

Back 15

Combines existing theories in order to better explain the causes of crime

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Cloward & Ohlin's theory?

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Differential Opportunity
Combines strain theory with social learning

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Criminal Career

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Involvement in crime has a beginning, middle and a end

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Career Criminals

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Small group of chronic offenders responsible for the majority of crime

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When does antisocial behavior emerge?

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Early in life and continues to develop and take shape across the life course

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Stability

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Consistency of behavior over time

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What are the two forms of Stability?

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Absolute & Relative Stability

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Absolute Stability

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Refers to consistency in the average level of a trait or behavior for an individual overtime.
Used to describe the stability of behavior within individuals

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Relative Stability

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The consistency in the rankings of individuals on an observable characteristic over time
Describes the stability of behavior between individuals.

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What two processes may produce stability in behavior?

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Cumulative & Interactional continuity

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Interactional continuity

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individuals proactively select themselves into certain environments, consistently react to environments in a certain manner, or evoke certain reactions from their environment and these reactions promote consistency in how we behave.

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Cumulative continuity

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states that antisocial behavior produces negative consequences (peer rejection, poor academics) and in turn these negative consequences promote the stability of antisocial behavior

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Sampson & Laub

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Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control

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Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control

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1) Weakness of informal social control of family explains delinquency childhood/adolescence
2) There is continuity in antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood
3) Social bonds in adulthood explain changes in criminality over lifetime, despite early childhood propensities

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Trajectory

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is a set of development sequences that describe the unfolding of a behavior over time

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Social capital

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Any instrument that are provided by social ties. Larger the social capital of a relationship, the greater its impact over another's behavior

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Moffit's Typology

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A small group of youth engage in antisocial behavior across the life course while a large majority of youths engage in antisocial behavior only during adolescence

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Life course persistent offenders

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Exhibits antisocial behavior very early in life (age 3) and Continue to offend late into adulthood

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Adolescence limited offenders

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Tend to begin offending during adolescence (ages 11-15), Desist from antisocial behavior early in their 20’s and have different patterns of offending during childhood and adulthood

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Structural Factors

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May indirectly influence delinquency and criminal behavior via weakened social bonds

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Strategies to neutralize stigma (Goffman)

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Minstrelization
Normification
Militant chauvinism

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Population Heterogeneity Perspective

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Early antisocial behavior is related to later criminal behavior because of some underlying propensity for antisocial behavior

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State Dependence Perspective

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Early antisocial behavior indirectly increases the probability of later antisocial behavior indirectly increases the probability of later antisocial behavior via continuity and interactional continuity processes.