Criminology Final Exam Vcab Chap 9

Front 1

control balance theory

Back 1

a development theory that attributes deviant behavior to an imbalance between the amount of control and individual has and recieves

Front 2

cultural deviance theory

Back 2

branch of social structure theories that sees strain and disorganization together to create a unique lower-class culture

Front 3

developmental theory

Back 3

developmental factors including biological, social and psychological change affect criminal career over life course

Front 4

general theory of crime

Back 4

developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts of biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice

Front 5

human nature theory

Back 5

personal traits such as genetic make-up, intelligence, and body build, may outweigh the importance of social variables

Front 6

integrated theories

Back 6

weaves social and individual variables into a complex explanatory chain

Front 7

labeling theory

Back 7

society creates deviance by designating certain people as deviant, which causes them to be stigmatized

Front 8

life course theory

Back 8

conditions and events can influence the way people behave, and can cause change in that behavior later in life

Front 9

lifestyle theory

Back 9

people become crime victims because their life-style increases their exposure

Front 10

power-control theroy

Back 10

gender differences in crime are a function of economic power and parental controls

Front 11

routine activities theory

Back 11

predatory crime is related to the interaction of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and capable guardians

Front 12

self-control theory

Back 12

the view that the cause of delinquent behavior is an impulsive personality

Front 13

social conflict theory

Back 13

crime is a function of class conflict and power relations

Front 14

social control theory

Back 14

people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken

Front 15

social disorganization theory

Back 15

breakdown of institutions such as family, school, employment, and neighborhood cause crime

Front 16

social learning theory

Back 16

human behavior is modeled through observation and interaction either directly or indirectly

Front 17

social reaction theory

Back 17

people become criminals when specific members of society label them as such

Front 18

White collar crime

Back 18

business related offences

Front 19

Victomology

Back 19

study of victim culpability, services for victims, and probabilities of victimization

Front 20

victim-precipitation theory

Back 20

victim actually initiates the confrontation that leads to their injury or death

Front 21

Choice theory

Back 21

criminals choose to commit crime

Front 22

social strata

Back 22

the unequal distribution of wealth

Front 23

moral entrepreneurs

Back 23

people who create rules

Front 24

reflected appraisal

Back 24

a youth's self-evaluation based on his or her perceptions of how others evaluate them

Front 25

socialization

Back 25

the process of human development and enculturation

Front 26

stigma

Back 26

an enduring label that taints a person's identity and changes him or her in the eyes of others

Front 27

reflective tole-taking

Back 27

when one believes that others view them as antisocial or a troublemaker, and then they reflect those beliefs

Front 28

crime discouragers

Back 28

people whose behavior directly influences crime prevention

Front 29

rebel

Back 29

substituting an alternative set of goals and means for conventional ones

Front 30

denial of victim

Back 30

offenders neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime "had it coming"

Front 31

social development model

Back 31

states that a number of community level risk factors make some people susceptible to developing antisocial behavior

Front 32

family relation

Back 32

according to Gluecks, the most important factor that impacts offending

Front 33

defiance

Back 33

term represented by activities such as vandalism, curfew violations, and unconventional sex

Front 34

life-course persisters

Back 34

small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age, and continue into adult hood

Front 35

social capital

Back 35

positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining

Front 36

interpersonal coercion

Back 36

coercion that is direct, involving the use or threat of force and intimidation

Front 37

exploitaion

Back 37

those who have excess control and involve others to commit crime have this power

Front 38

authority conflict pathway

Back 38

pathway to crime that begins at an early age, usually with stubborn behavior

Front 39

critical feminists

Back 39

those who view gender inequality as a function of female exploitation by fathers and husbands

Front 40

overt pathway

Back 40

pathway of crime where aggressive acts begin with aggression and lead to physical fighting and then to violence

Front 41

control deficit

Back 41

occurs when a person's desires or impulses are limited by other people's ability to regulate or punish there behavior

Front 42

proletariat

Back 42

people who do the actual work in a capitalist society

Front 43

bourgeoisie

Back 43

owners of the means of production

Front 44

submission

Back 44

passive obedience to the demands of others, such as submitting to physical or sexual abuse without response

Front 45

impersonal coersion

Back 45

coercion that involves pressures beyond individual control, such as economic and social preasure

Front 46

adolescent-limited

Back 46

offenders antisocial behavior peeks during adolescence and then disapears

Front 47

interactional theory

Back 47

holds that seriously delinquent juveniles form belief systems that are consistent with their deviant lifestyle

Front 48

Structural Marxism

Back 48

Law is for the long term interests of the capitalists, by keeping the system operating efficiently

Front 49

Outsiders

Back 49

refer to people labeled as deviants who accept the deviant labels

Front 50

Radical Nonintervention

Back 50

labeling perspective regarding the effect of processing juveniles through the justice system.

Front 51

Marxist Feminism

Back 51

sees women as dominated by men as a result of the disproportionate location of economic power among men.

Front 52

Postmodernism

Back 52

Applies understandings of social change inherent in postmodern philosophy to criminological theorizing and crime control. Calls for deconstruction of knowledge rather than creation of knowledge

Front 53

Deconstructionism

Back 53

Central to postmodernism, Tearing down existing bodies of knowledge

Front 54

Moral Entrepreneurs

Back 54

people whose high social position gives them the power to make and enforce the social rules that all members of society have to live by.

Front 55

Master Status

Back 55

There are central traits of a persons identity that binds them to other traits

Front 56

Edwin Lemert - Deviance

Back 56

Primary deviance: The act(s) in question
Secondary deviance: Occurs when person is caught and labeled; continued deviance

Front 57

Karl Marx: Marxist Criminology

Back 57

The dominant feature of all societies was the mode of production (of material life), determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual process of life

Front 58

Moral panic

Back 58

a public perception of behaviors or groups of persons that greatly exaggerate their potential for harm to the larger society.

Front 59

Instrumental Marxism

Back 59

Those in power intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve their own interests and keep others from becoming powerful

Front 60

Critical Criminology

Back 60

An intellectual movement. Those in power manipulated the law in their own interest.