Ch5 Soci

Front 1

Social Interaction

Back 1

refer to the ways in which people respond to one another whether face-to-face or over the telephone or on the computer

Front 2

Social Structure

Back 2

Refers to the way in which a society is organized into predicatable relationships

Front 3

Status

Back 3

refer to any of the full range of sociall defined positions within a large group or society, from the lowest to the highest

Front 4

Ascribed State

Back 4

is assiened to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Generally, the assignment takes place at birth; thus, a person's racial back ground, gender, and age are all considered ascribed status

Front 5

Achieved Status

Back 5

Comes to us largely through our own efforts

Front 6

Master status

Back 6

is a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.

Front 7

Social Role

Back 7

Is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status

Front 8

Role Conflict

Back 8

occurs when incompatible expectations aris from two or more social positions held by the same person

Front 9

Role Strain

Back 9

Desribe the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Front 10

Role Exit

Back 10

describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish new role and identity

Front 11

group

Back 11

is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis

Front 12

Primary group

Back 12

refer to a small group characterized by intimate, face to face association and cooperation

Front 13

In group

Back 13

can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong

Front 14

out group

Back 14

group to which people feel they do not belong

Front 15

any group that individual use as a standad for evaluating themselves and their behavior a _______

Back 15

reference group

Front 16

coalition

Back 16

a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

Front 17

Social Network

Back 17

a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people

Front 18

Social Institutions

Back 18

Are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel (the family) and preserving order (the government)

Front 19

5 major task or function pre-req that a society or relatively permant group must accomplish if it is to survive

Back 19

1) replacing personnel
2) teaching new recruits
3) Producing and distributing good and service
4) Preserving order
5) Providing and maintain a sense of purpose

Front 20

Formal Organization

Back 20

is a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency

Front 21

Bureaucracy

Back 21

Component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchial ranking to achieve efficiency

Front 22

Ideal Type

Back 22

Weber meant a construct or model for evaluating specific cases

Front 23

Division of Labor

Back 23

By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency

Front 24

Alienation

Back 24

a condition of estrangement or dissocialation from the surrounding society

Front 25

Trained incapacity

Back 25

workers become so specialized they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

Front 26

Hierarchy of authority

Back 26

each position is under the supervision of a higher authority

Front 27

Impersonality

Back 27

Bureaucratic norms dictate that officials perform their duties without given personal consideration to people as individuals. Although this norm is intended to guarantee equal treament for each person, it also contributed to the often cold and uncaring feeling associated with modern organization

Front 28

Peter principle

Back 28

every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incomptence

Front 29

Bureacratization

Back 29

refer to the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic

Front 30

Iron law of oligarchy

Back 30

desribes how even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by few calle an oligarchy

Front 31

classical theory or scientific management approach

Back 31

of formal organization, workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

Front 32

Human relation approach

Back 32

emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy

Front 33

In societies in which there is minimal division of labor, or collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. Durkheim termed this collective frame of mind _____ implying that all individuals perform the same task

Back 33

mechanical solidarity

Front 34

Organic Solidarity

Back 34

a collective consciousness resting on the need a society's members have for one another

Front 35

Gemeinschaft

Back 35

small community in which people have similar background and life experiences. Virtually everyone knows one and other, and social interactions are intimate and familar, almost as among kinfolk

Front 36

Gesellschaft

Back 36

Ideal community that is characteristics of modern urban life

Front 37

Sociocultural evoltion

Back 37

term refers to long term trends in societies results from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection

Front 38

Technology

Back 38

as information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires

Front 39

hunting-and-gathering society

Back 39

in which people simply rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available

Front 40

Horticultural Societies

Back 40

in which people plant seeds and groups rather than merely subsist on available foods, emerged about 12,000 years ago

Front 41

Agragarian Society

Back 41

engage primarily in the production of food

Front 42

Industrial society

Back 42

society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

Front 43

Postindustrial Society

Back 43

whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control if information

Front 44

Post modern society

Back 44

is technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images

Front 45

Labor unions

Back 45

consist of organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer

Front 46

unions membership declines b/c

Back 46

1) changes in type of industry
2) growth in part time jobs
3) legal system
4) globilzation
5) employer offensive
6) union rigidity and bureaucratization