Ch.3 Social Perception

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SOCIAL PERCEPTION

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PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE SEEK TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND OTHERS

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NONVERBAL COMM.

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COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS THAT RELIES ON AN UNSPOKEN LANGUAGE OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, EYE CONTACT, AND BODY LANGUAGE

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BODY LANGUAGE

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GESTURES, POSTURE, MOVEMENTS REVEAL EMOTIONAL STATES, CULTURAL EMBLEMS

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MICROEXPRESSIONS

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FLEETING FACIAL EXPRESSIONS LASTING ONLY A FEW 10THS OF A SECOND

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INTERCHANNEL DISCREPANCIES

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NONVERBAL CUES ARE INCONSISTENT; EXAGGERRATED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

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LINGUISTIC STYLE

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ASPECTS OF SPEECH APART FROM THE MEANING OF THE WORDS EMPLOYED (PITCH OF VOICE)
- LIES = MORE COMPLEX, LESS RELATED TO THE SELF, & MORE NEGATIVE

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WOMEN'S INTUITION

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WOMEN ARE BETTER AT SENDING AND RECEIVING NONVERBAL CUES

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ATTRIBUTION

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PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE SEEK TO IDENTIFY THE CAUSES OF OTHERS BEHAVIOR AND SO GAIN KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR STABLE TRAITS AND DISPOSITIONS

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JONES & DAVIS'S (1965) THEORY OF CORRESPONDENT INFERENCE

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DESCRIBES HOW PEOPLE USE OTHERS BEHAVIOR AS A BASIS FOR INFERRING THEIR STABLE DISPOSITIONS

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NONCOMMON EFFECTS

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EFFECTS PRODUCED BY A PARTICULAR CAUSE THAT COULD NOT BE PRODUCED BY ANY OTHER APPARANT CAUSE

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KELLEY'S THEORY OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS (1972)

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PEOPLE ATTRIBUTE TO THE CAUSE OF OTHERS' BEHAVIOR TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL FACTORS

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CONSENSUS

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EXTENT OTHERS BEHAVE IN SAME WAY TOWARD THE STIMULUS

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CONSISTENCY

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EXTENT PERSON ALWAYS BEHAVES THIS WAY TOWARD THE STIMULUS

- ONLY this is high : attribute the causes of others behavior to INTERNAL factors
- when this + consensus & distinctiveness are ALL high then : behavior to external factors

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DISTINCTIVENESS

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EXTENT PERSON RESPONDS IN THE SAME WAY TOWARD DIFFERENT STIMULI

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DISCOUNTING PRINCIPLE

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TENDENCY TO ATTACH LESS IMPORTANCE TO ONE POTENTIAL CAUSE OF SOME BEHAVIOR WHEN OTHER POTENTIAL CAUSES ARE ALSO PRESENT

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AUGMENTING PRINCIPLE

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TENDENCY TO ATTACH GREATER IMPORTANCE TO A POTENTIAL CAUSE OF BEHAVIOR IF THE BEHAVIOR OCCURS DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF OTHER, INHIBITORY CAUSES

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CORRESPONDENCE BIAS (FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR)

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TENDENCY TO EXPLAIN OTHERS' ACTIONS AS STEMMING FROM DISPOSITIONS EVEN IN THE PRESENCE OF CLEAR SITUATIONAL CAUSES
-OVERESTIMATE THE IMPACT OF DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS
-MORE COMMON IN INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES

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ACTOR OBSERVER EFFECT

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TENDENCY TO ATTRIBUTE OWN BEHAVIOR MAINLY TO SITUATIONAL CAUSES, BUT THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS MAINLY TO INTERNAL (DISPOSITIONAL) CAUSES

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SELF SERVING BIAS

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TENDENCY TO ATTRIBUTE POSITIVE OUTCOMES TO INTERNAL CAUSES BUT NEGATIVE OUTCOMES TO EXTERNAL CAUSES
-STRONGER IN INDVID. CULTURES

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IMPRESSION FORMATION

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ASCH'S (1946)
- INVOLVES MORE THAN COMBINING INDIVID.TRAITS

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GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS

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INTELLIGENT, SKILLFULL, INDUSTRIOUS, WARM/COLD, DETERMINED, PRACTICAL, CAUTIOUS

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CENTRAL TRAITS

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TRAITS THAT STRONGLY SHAPE THE OVERALL IMPRESSION OF ANOTHER

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IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES

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BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS TEND TO GO TOGETHER

SIMILAR TO SCHEMA

INFLUENCE IMPRESSIONS OF OTHERS MORE THAN PEOPLE'S ACTUAL TRAITS

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EXEMPLARS

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CONCRETE EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORS CONSISTENT WITH A GIVEN TRAIT

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ABSTRACTIONS

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SUMMARIES ABSTRACTED FROM REPEATED OBSERVATIONS OF OTHERS

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SOCIAL CATEGORIES

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USED TO MINIMIZE THE USE OF COGNITIVE RESOURCES

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IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT (SELF PRESENTATION)

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EFFORTS TO PRODUCE FAVORABLE FIRST IMPRESSIONS ON OTHERS