Ch.2 Physiology

Front 1

Biomolecules

Back 1

molecules that synthesized by living organisms and contain carbon atoms.

Front 2

Carbon

Back 2

has 4 electrons in its outer shell and forms covalent bonds by sharing these electrons with other atoms

Front 3

Biomolecules

Back 3

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides

Front 4

Polymers

Back 4

repeated subunits

Front 5

Carbohydrates

Back 5

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

hydrated carbons
carbons surrounded by water
bond with hydroxal groups & hydrogens, not water molecules

Front 6

Carbohydrates

Back 6

CH20

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Front 8

monosaccharides

Back 8

the simple sugars, composed of a single unit.
glucose
fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
-ose

Front 9

disaccharides

Back 9

carbohydrates formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides.
sucrose
lactose
-ose

Front 10

polysaccharides

Back 10

carbohydrates formed by the covalent bonding of several monosaccharides.
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
helps store energy & important components of cell membrane

Front 11

glucose

Back 11

important source of energy for our cells
common monosaccharide

Front 12

nucleotides

Back 12

Ribose & Deoxyribose are monosaccharide molecules that are important components of __________.

Front 13

sucrose

Back 13

table sugar
compsed of glucose & fructose joined together to make ______.

Front 14

lactose

Back 14

carbohydrate found in milk
compsed of glucose & galactose make ______.

Front 15

Glycogen

Back 15

a polymer of glucose subunits and is found in animal cells
body stores this and will breakdown and use for energy.

Front 16

Starch

Back 16

a polysaccharide found in plants
energy source

Front 17

Cellulose

Back 17

polysaccharide found in plants
consumed by humans, unable to digest and absorb it.
AKA dietary fiber

Front 18

Lipids

Back 18

a diverse group of biomolecules that contain primarily carbon and hydrongen atoms linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds.
amphipathic molecules
do NOT dissolve in water

Front 19

amphipathic

Back 19

a molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar regions

Front 20

Lipids

Back 20

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids

Front 21

Triglycerides

Back 21

"fat"
glycerol & 3 fatty acid molecules

Front 22

Triglycerides

Back 22

formed by linking each of three fatty acids to a different carbon in the glycerol backbone.

Front 23

Saturated fatty acid

Back 23

carbons linked only by single bonds

Front 24

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 24

contain one or more pairs of carbons linked by double bonds and thus have fewer hydrogens per carbon.

Front 25

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Back 25

contains exactly one double-bonded pair of carbons

Front 26

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Back 26

contains more than one double-bonded pair of carbons.

Front 27

saturated fatty acids

Back 27

_________ _____ _____ are implicated in the development of plaques that can clog arteries, which can lead to stroke or heart attack.

Front 28

Triglycerides (function)

Back 28

Long term energy storage
protection
insulation
non-polar

Front 29

Phospholipids

Back 29

lipids that contain a phosphate group.
glycerol forms the backbone
2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, and phosphate group

Front 30

tail
fatty acids
nonpolar

Back 30

The 2 ____ ____ form the ____ region of the phospholipid, which is ______ because of their long chains of carbon atoms.

Front 31

phospholipid bilayer

Back 31

the core structure of cell membranes

Front 32

micelle

Back 32

a spherical structure composed of a single layer of phospholipids
it functions in the transport of nonpolar molecules in an aqueous environment. heads face outward, tails face inward forming hydrophobic interior.

Front 33

Eicosanoids

Back 33

a fatty acid and ring structure
Used as cellular communication molecules (local communication)

Front 34

Steroids

Back 34

Basically non-polar molecules
multiple carbon based rings bonded together
all based on cholesterol molecule.
Used for cellular communication (hormones)
ex. pit. gld. tells ovaries what to do.

Front 35

cholesterol

Back 35

All steroids are modified from ________ molecules.
Also ________ is important in the components of the plasma membrane.

Front 36

Proteins

Back 36

composed of amino acids (20 types)
All A.A. built around a basic pattern
A central carbon atom, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable component
Each different A.A. has a different R Group

Front 37

proteins

Back 37

To form _______, A.A. are covalently bonded together by the formation of polypeptide bonds during a condensation reaction. (dehydration synthesis)
water is produced during this process.

Front 38

hydrolysis

Back 38

to break apart by water

Front 39

Peptides

Back 39

short chains of A.A., usually less than 50.

Front 40

Proteins

Back 40

usually more than 50 A.A. to hundreds longs

Front 41

Primary protein structure

Back 41

The sequence and # of A.A. which is determined by peptide bonds w/in a peptide chain.

Front 42

Secondary protein structure

Back 42

fold pattern due to hydrogen bonds forming btwn hydrogen atom in the amino group of one A.A. and Oxygen atom in the carboxyl group of another A.A. in the same polypeptide. Form sheets or helixes

Front 43

Tertiary protein structure

Back 43

folding due to interactions btwn. R groups of polypeptide
Interactions may be:
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Van der waals forces
Covalent bonds

Front 44

Hydrogen bonds

Back 44

form btwn polar R groups

Front 45

Ionic bonds

Back 45

form btwn ionized or charged R groups

Front 46

Van der waals forces

Back 46

electrical attraction btwn the electrons of one atom and the protons of another atom.

Front 47

Covalent bonds

Back 47

form btwn the R groups of 2 cyteines (a sulhydryl group)
STRONG BONDS

Front 48

Quaternary protein structure

Back 48

folding of more than one polypeptide chain to form a functional protein.
(hemoglobin)

Front 49

hemoglobin

Back 49

tranports oxygen in the blood
a single protein consisting of four separate polypeptide chains

Front 50

Protein functions

Back 50

Structural molecules
Chemical messengers (hormones)
receptors
Enzymes **
all enzymes are protein chemicals
1000 kinds of different enzymes molecules

Front 51

Fibrous proteins

Back 51

extended elongated strands that function in structure or contraction.
collagen
tropomyosin

Front 52

collagen

Back 52

protein found in tendons and bones

Front 53

tropomyosin

Back 53

protein found in muscle cells

Front 54

Globular proteins

Back 54

coiled, folded, irregular, and bulky

act as chemical messengers for intercellular communication.

Front 55

Glycoproteins

Back 55

have carbohydrates attached to the polypeptide chains

important to plasma membrane that surrounds the cells, cell recognition

Front 56

Lipoproteins

Back 56

have lipids attached to them

important in transport of lipids in blood

Front 57

Nucleotides

Back 57

Building blocks of nucleic acids
transfer energy (ATP) within a cell & form the genetic material of the cells.

Front 58

Nucleotides

Back 58

Composed of deoxyribose, sugar, phosphate, & 1 nitrogeneous bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine) covalently bonded together

Front 59

Nucleic Acids

Back 59

2 subclasses: DNA & RNA

Genetic codes for protein production (DNA) and decoding of DNA and conversion of info. into A.A. sequences (RNA).

Front 60

DNA molecules

Back 60

Nucleotides covalently bonded (strength)
found in the nucleus of a cell
Produces long chains of nucleotides (longest ones)
Chemistry produces a helical shape
2 helices bonded length wise
H bonds btwn nitrogeneous bases (A-T, C-G)
2 sides have complimentary bases along their entire length.

Front 61

RNA nucleotides

Back 61

composed of ribose sugar, phosphate, and 1 of 4 nitrogeneous bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil)

Front 62

RNA molecules

Back 62

Typically a single helix
Helix may fold into complex shapes

Front 63

Genetic code

Back 63

Sequence of DNA bases occuring along the length of a DNA molecule
46 DNA's per human (23/mom 23/dad)
Up to 1000's of genes per DNA molecule
64 possible words

Front 64

DNA

Back 64

____ consists of 2 strands of nucleotides coiled together into a double helix.

Front 65

61

Back 65

___ words for 20 A.A., 3 words for punctuation.

Front 66

Protein synthesis

Back 66

Transcription
Conversion of a DNA base sequence into a new RNA molecule whose base sequence is complimentary to the DNA base sequence. (makes a copy of RNA molecule)
It is nessessary because the site of _______ _______ is in the cytoplasm. (ribosome)

Front 67

Translation

Back 67

Using ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) to "read" mRNA base sequence and connect A.A. together to form the desired polypeptide.

Front 68

DNA Replication

Back 68

Production of new DNA molecules prior to cell division.
Make 2 complete sets (46 molecules per set) available before cell division can occur

Front 69

DNA REPLICATION STEPS

Back 69

1. DNA helicase enzyme can break H bonds btwn. nucleotides along length of molecule
2. DNA mucleotides now exposed on each chain
3. DNA polymerase acts to bind free DNA nucleotides to the exposed DNA bases of each chain
4. Covalent bonds btwn sugars & phosphates form
5. Produces 2 DNA molecules each 1/2 old & 1/2 new
6. DNA base sequence is the same in each molecule

Front 70

Step #1
DNA Replication

Back 70

DNA helicase enzyme can break H bonds btwn. nucleotides along length of molecule
Step #?

Front 71

Step #2
DNA Replication

Back 71

DNA mucleotides now exposed on each chain
Step #?

Front 72

Step #3
DNA Replication

Back 72

DNA polymerase acts to bind free DNA nucleotides to the exposed DNA bases of each chain
Step #?

Front 73

Step #4
DNA Replication

Back 73

Covalent bonds btwn sugars & phosphates form
Step #?

Front 74

Step #5
DNA Replication

Back 74

Produces 2 DNA molecules each 1/2 old & 1/2 new
Step #?

Front 75

Step #6
DNA Replication

Back 75

DNA base sequence is the same in each molecule
Step #?