A&p Ch 8 Articulations

Front 1

Joints classifications

Back 1

Structure and function

Front 2

Structure

Back 2

Determined by the type of material holding the bone's together

Front 3

Function

Back 3

Determined by the amount of movement allowed by the joint

Front 4

Three functional categories

Back 4

Synarthrotic - immobile

Amphiarthrotic - slight mobility

Diathrotic - free mobility

Front 5

Bony

Back 5

Bone's are ossified together

All are synarthrotic

Front 6

Types of joints

Back 6

Bony

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Front 7

Locations of bony joints

Back 7

Sacrum

Coccyx

Bones of os coxae

Epiphyseal lines in adults

Cranial sutures in the elderly

Front 8

Fibrous joints

Back 8

Bones connected by collagen fibers

Most are synarthrotic

Some are Amphiarthrotic

Front 9

Locations of fibrous joints

Back 9

Cranial sutures

Teeth in maxillae and mandible

Interosseous membranes

Distal tibiofibular joint

Front 10

Cartilaginous joints

Back 10

Bone's connected by hyaline cartilage or Fibrocartilage

Most are Amphiarthrotic

Some are synarthrotic

Front 11

Locations of Cartilaginous joints

Back 11

Costal Cartilages

Pubic symphasis

Intervertebral discs

Epiphyseal plates in children

Front 12

Synovial joints

Back 12

Bones connected by a fluid filled joint capsule

Are all Diathrotic

Front 13

Function of fibrous outer layer

Back 13

Stabilizes joints; boundary of the joint cavity

Front 14

Function of joint space containing synovial fluid

Back 14

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

Phagocytes remove debris

Front 15

Function of articular cartilage

Back 15

Cushions ends of bones

Front 16

Function of Ligaments

Back 16

Reinforces the joint; limit its movement

Front 17

Synovial membrane (inner layer)

Back 17

Produces lubricating synovial fluid

Front 18

Function of Fat pads

Back 18

Provides additional cushioning

Front 19

Function of Menisci

Back 19

Improves the fit of bones; provides additional stability in the knee and jaw

Front 20

Function of bursa and tendon sheath

Back 20

Fluid filled pads that reduce friction between ligaments, bones, muscles and tendons

Front 21

Range of motion

Back 21

Describes the area through which a joint allows movement

Can access a patients joint flexibility

Front 22

Range of motion is determined by

Back 22

1. Structure of the aricular surface

2. Number, strength and tightness of Ligaments

3. Tautness and action of crossing muscles and tendons

Front 23

Flexion

Back 23

Bending movement which decreases the joint angle

Typically away from the anatomical position

Front 24

Extension

Back 24

Bending movement which increases the joint angle

Typical returns body part to anatomical position

Front 25

Hyperextension

Back 25

Extention beyond anatomical position

Front 26

Abduction

Back 26

Lateral movement away from the midline

Front 27

Adduction

Back 27

Lateral movement towards the midline

Front 28

Circumduction

Back 28

Circular movement around a fixed base

Front 29

Rotation

Back 29

Turning of bone along its long axis

Front 30

Pronation

Back 30

Rotating forearm to turn palm posteriorly

Front 31

Supination

Back 31

Rotating forearm to turn palm anteriorly

Anatomical position

Front 32

Dorsiflexion

Back 32

Pivoting the foot upward towards the shin

Front 33

Plantar flexion

Back 33

Pivoting the foot downwards towards the floor

Front 34

Inversion

Back 34

Turning the sole of the foot medially

Front 35

Eversion

Back 35

Turning the sole of the foot laterally

Front 36

Elevation

Back 36

Raising a body part superiorly

Front 37

Depression

Back 37

Moving a body part inferiorly

Front 38

Opposition

Back 38

Moving thumb towards other digits

Front 39

Plane movement

Back 39

Gliding

Front 40

Hinge movement

Back 40

Flexion and extension

Front 41

Pivot movement

Back 41

Rotation

Front 42

Condylar movement

Back 42

Flexion and extension

Adduction and abduction

Circumduction

Front 43

Saddle movement

Back 43

Like Condylar but greater range

Front 44

Ball and socket movement

Back 44

Flexion and extention

Adduction and abduction

Circumduction

Rotation

Front 45

Plane joint location

Back 45

Carpals

Tarsals

Front 46

Hinge joint locations

Back 46

Elbow

Knee

Interphalangeal joints

Front 47

Pivot joint locations

Back 47

Axis and atlas

Proximal radioulnar joint

Front 48

Condylar joint locations

Back 48

Radiocarpal joint

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Front 49

Saddle joint locations

Back 49

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Front 50

Ball and socket joint locations

Back 50

Shoulder

Hip

Front 51

List fibrous and cartilaginous locations in order of most stable, least mobile to least stable somewhat mobile

Back 51

Most stable but least mobile

Cranial suture

Gomposis (tooth in Maxilla and mandible)

Syndesnosis (Interosseous membrane)

Epiphyseal plates

Pubic symphasis

Front 52

Disorder: sprain

Back 52

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

Front 53

Joint disorder: dislocation

Back 53

1. Bones are forced out of alignment at joint

2. Often accompanied by sprain

3. Dislocation must be reduced by putting bones back in alignment

4. Recurrence is common

Front 54

Joint disorder: osteoarthritis

Back 54

1. Joint inflammation due to normal wear and tear

2. Most common type of arthritis

3. More common in women, especially post menopause

4. Slow destruction of articular cartilage leads to bone spur formation

Front 55

Joint disorder: rheumatoid arthritis

Back 55

1. Autoimmune disease, immune system attacks the joint capsule

2. Destruction of cartilage leads to bone fusion

3. Extremely painful and crippling

4. Often occurs with Lyme disease

Front 56

Joint disorder: gouty arthritis

Back 56

1. High levels of uric acid leads to crystallization

2. Crystals in joints cause cartilage destruction, especially in feet and knees

3. More common in oriental men, expecially with consumption of red meat and shellfish

Front 57

Joint disorder: bursitis

Back 57

1. Inflammation of a bursa

2. Most common in shoulders, elbows, hip and knees

3. Pain whether at rest or in motion at affected joint

4. Anti-inflammatory steroid meds may be injected directly or fluid can be removed to relieve swelling

5. Caused by a fall, repetitive movement or an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis

Front 58

Skeletal system disorders: Fracture

Back 58

Broken bone

Classified by:

-position of bone ends(displaced?)

-completeness of break(complete? )

-type of break

-effect on skin (open/closed?)

Displaced fractures must be reduced for proper healing

Front 59

Osteoporosis

Back 59

1. Bone load greatly exceeds bone deposition

2. Bones become fragile due to loss of bone mass

3. Spongy bone affected more than compact bone

4. More common in women than men (especially post menopause)

5. Risk: petite body, low activity, poor diet (lack of vitamin D and calcium)

Front 60

Scoliosis

Back 60

Lateral deviating of the spine from centerline

Usually caused by improper development

Front 61

Kyphosis

Back 61

Exaggerated thoracic curvature

Common with osteoporosis, weight lifting and wrestling

Front 62

Lordosis

Back 62

Exaggerated lumbar curvature

Common with osteoporosis and excess abdominal weight

Front 63

Achondroplasia

Back 63

-Most common form of dwarfism

-Inherited or caused by mutation

-Abnormal growth factor receptor on cartilage interferes with endochondral ossification

-can cause joint disorders, respiratory difficulties and spinal cord compression

Front 64

Herniated disc

Back 64

1. A tear in the anulus fibrous can allow the nucleus pulposus to protrude

2. The nucleus pulposus compresses nerve roots

3. Can cause pain that radiates to other body parts, numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness

Front 65

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Back 65

1. Cells are tightly packed

2. Exposed apical surface on the superficial side

3. Basement membrane

4. Avascular with no direct blood supply.

5. High rate of regeneration

Front 66

Simple cuboidal epithelial function

Back 66

Secretion

Filtration

Front 67

Connective tissue characteristics

Back 67

1. Extracellular matrix dominates

2. Several types of cells present

3. Highly vascularized (except cartilage)

4. Good regeneration rate (except cartilage)

Front 68

Nervous tissue characteristics

Back 68

1. Excitable membranes

2. Synthesizes and release neurotransmitters

3. high energy demands

4. few stem cells

Front 69

Muscle tissue characteristics

Back 69

1. Excitable membrane

2. Has internal contractile filaments

3. Little extracellular matrix

4. High energy demands

5. Limited stem cells (excerpts smooth muscle)

Front 70

Functions of epithelial tissue

Back 70

Absorption

boundaries,

Filtration

protection,

secretion,

Sensation

Front 71

Function of integumentary system

Back 71

Protects body from dehydration, microbial invasion, and abrasion

Synthesizes vitamin D

Tactile receptors (cutaneous senses)

Thermoregulates

Excretes metabolic waste

Reservoir for blood

Front 72

Function of areolar connective tissue

Back 72

Wrap/cushion organs

Fills internal spaces

Front 73

Function of adipose connective tissue

Back 73

Insulation

Cushioning

Energy storage

Front 74

Function of hyaline cartilage connective tissue

Back 74

Reinforcement

Support

Cushioning