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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Memory.
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Memory is mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and use information over time.
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What are the 3 fundamental processes of Memory?
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Encoding, Storage, and Retrival.
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Explain Encoding.
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Process of transporting information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
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Explain Storage.
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The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
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Explain Retrival.
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The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
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Explain the Stage Model of Memory. What does it consist of? What do they have different?
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Says memory consists of 3 distinct stages:
-Sensory -Short term -Long term They all have different capacities, durations, and functions. |
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Define Sensory Memory.
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The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (a few seconds)
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Who is George Sperling and what did he do?
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-Did experiences that demonstrated that our visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information very briefly (only for about half a second)
-This information is available just long enough for us to pay attention to specific elements that are significant to us at that moment. |
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Explain Iconic Memory.
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Also known as Visual Sensory Memory
-the brief memory of an image or icon |
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Explain Echoic Memory.
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Also known as Auditory Sensory Memory
-longest lasting effect -A brief memory that is like an echo |
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What is significant about Sensory Memory?
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-The sensory impressions overlap and flow together and give the world a flowing impression instead if chopped up.
-Updates from sensory to short term |
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Explain Short Term Memory.
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The stage of memory in which information transferred from sensory memory and retrived from long term memory is temporarily stored and enters conscious awareness.
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What is the duration of Short Term Memory?
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about 20 seconds unless the information is rehersed (maintenance rehersal)
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Explain Magic 7 +/- 2.
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In our memory we only have room for 5-9 memories/things. When you already have 5-9 memories/things and a new memory is introduced----one of your previous 5-9 gets "bumped out"
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Explain Maintenance Rehearsal.
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Repeating information until you can remember it.
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What is Chunking?
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-Putting related information together to make it easier to remember
-Hypernate information "pausing" in things like social security numbers and phone numbers make the information easier to remember by chunking the numbers together |
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Explain Long Term Memory.
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The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information.
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What is the amount of information that can be held in the long term memory?
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It is essentially unlimited.
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What are 3 ways to increase the efficency of encoding in long term memory.
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-Elaborate Rehearsal (focus on the meaning of information)
-Self-Reference (apply information to yourself) -Visual Imagery |
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Define Procedural Memory.
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Refers to long-term memory of how to perform different skills, operations, and actions.
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Define Episodic Memory.
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Refers to the long term memory of specific events in your life and time and places.
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Define Semantic Memory.
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Refers to memory of general knowledge like names, facts, ideas, etc.
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Explain Explict Memory.
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Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected.
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Explain Implict Memory.
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Information or knowledge that have been repressed into your uncoscious but may still affect your behavior in the future.
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How is information organized in long term memory?
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Clustering and Association.
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Explain the Semantic Network Model.
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Describes long term memory as units of information organized in a complex network of associations.
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Explain Retrieval.
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The process of accessing stored information.
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What is a Retrieval Cue?
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A clue that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in the long term memory.
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What is Retrieval Cue Failure?
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Refers to the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate/missing retrieval cues.
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Explain the Tip-Of-The-Tongue-Experience.
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Memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that the information is stored in your long term memory but you are temporarily unable to retrieve it.
-Illustrates that retriving information is not an all or nothing process |
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Explain Recall.
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Retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues.
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Explain Cued Recall.
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Remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
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Explain Recognition.
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Identifying correct information out of several possible choices.
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What is the Serial Position Effect?
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The tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list and at the end of a list but the middle items are not remembered that well.
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Explain the Encoding Specificity Principle.
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When you are encoding information (studying, learning) if you recreate the environment, mood, and state you have a better chance of recalling the information.
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What are the 3 important factors when it comes to the Encoding Specificity Principle.
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-Environment
-Mood -State |
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Explain the encoding specificity principle: the Context Effect.
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The tendency to recover information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting of the orginal learning of the information.
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Explain the encoding specificity principle: Mood Congruence.
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The idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.
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Define Forgetting.
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The inability to recall information that was previously available.
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What did Herman Ebbinghaus do? And what was his contribution to memory?
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Did an experiment on forgetting and studied himself as a subject. Repeated nonsense words and memorized them and went back at different time intervals and tested himself about what he remembered.
He found 2 distinct patterns. 1-much of what we forget is lost quite soon after we originally learned it 2-the amount of forgetting eventually levels off |
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Define Encoding Failure.
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The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in the long term memory.
-absentmindedness |
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Explain the Decay Theory.
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If information in your short term memory is not used over time it decays and then it is lost.
only pertains to short term memory. |
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What is the Interference Theory?
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Forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.
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What are the two basic types of Interference?
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1-Retroactive Interference
2-Proactive Interference |
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Explain Retroactive Interference.
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A new memory interferes with remembering an old memory
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Explain Proactive Interference.
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An old memory interferes with remembering a new memory.
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What is Motivated Forgetting?
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The idea that we forget because we are motivated to forget usually because a memory is unpleasant or disturbing.
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What are the two forms of Motivated Forgetting?
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1-Suppression
2-Repression |
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Explain Suppression.
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A conscious or deliberate effort to forget.
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Explain Repression.
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Unconsious motivation to forget.
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What is Amnesia?
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Severe memory loss.
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What is Retrograde Amnesia.
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Loss of all information from your past could happen from a severe head injury still the victims can function (they may have to relearn how to walk and talk etc) and they have the ability to build new memories
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What is Anterograde Amnesia?
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Can remeber their past but they can not build or make new memories.
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