Psychology Chapter 5-6

Front 1

Discovered classical conditioning

Back 1

Ivan Pavlov

Front 2

formulated the Law of Effect (the consequence, or effect, of a response determines whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future is strengthened or weakened

Back 2

Edward Thorndike

Front 3

a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response

Back 3

conditioned stimulus

Front 4

elicits an unconditioned response without learning

Back 4

unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus

Back 5

conditioned response

Front 6

reponse elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning

Back 6

unconditioned response

Front 7

weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the US

Back 7

extinction

Front 8

reappearance of an extinguished CR when organism is exposed to the CS following a rest period

Back 8

Spontaneous recovery

Front 9

tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

Back 9

Generalization

Front 10

occurs when conditioned stimului are linked to form a series of signals

Back 10

higher order conditioning

Front 11

learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that that CR occurs only to the original CS but not to the similar stimuli

Back 11

discrimination

Front 12

learning through consequences

Back 12

operant conditioning

Front 13

learning through association of stimuli

Back 13

classical conditioning

Front 14

the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

Back 14

punishment

Front 15

a pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated

Back 15

positive reinforcement

Front 16

termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated

Back 16

negative reinforcement

Front 17

reinforcer is given after first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed

Back 17

fixed interval schedule

Front 18

reinforcer is given after varying number of non reinforced responses

Back 18

variable ratio schedule

Front 19

reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses

Back 19

fixed ratio schedule

Front 20

reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time

Back 20

variable interval schedule

Front 21

a passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events

Back 21

learned helplessness

Front 22

a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens

Back 22

token economy

Front 23

people learn through others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors; explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences

Back 23

social learning theory (albert bandura)

Front 24

bobo doll experiment; many behaviors acquired through observational learning

Back 24

albert bandura

Front 25

children learned to copy the aggression by observing adult models act aggressively toward bobo dolls

Back 25

bobo doll experiment

Front 26

the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory

Back 26

storage

Front 27

a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded information to be stored in memory

Back 27

consolidation

Front 28

a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory

Back 28

recall

Front 29

the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory

Back 29

storage

Front 30

a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before

Back 30

recognition

Front 31

a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded information to be stored in memory

Back 31

consolidation

Front 32

the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Back 32

encoding

Front 33

a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory

Back 33

recall

Front 34

the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

Back 34

retrieval

Front 35

a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before

Back 35

recognition

Front 36

the component of the memory system that holds about seven (5-9items) for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory

Back 36

short term memory

Front 37

the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Back 37

encoding

Front 38

the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; explicit memory

Back 38

declarative memory

Front 39

the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

Back 39

retrieval

Front 40

the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds

Back 40

sensory memory

Front 41

the component of the memory system that holds about seven (5-9items) for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory

Back 41

short term memory

Front 42

a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember

Back 42

chunking

Front 43

the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; explicit memory

Back 43

declarative memory

Front 44

the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds

Back 44

sensory memory

Front 45

a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember

Back 45

chunking

Front 46

the act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short term memory

Back 46

rehearsal

Front 47

the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories

Back 47

long term memory

Front 48

remembering something without being aware that you are remembering it

Back 48

implicit memory

Front 49

the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced

Back 49

episodic memory

Front 50

the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence

Back 50

serial position effect

Front 51

a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness

Back 51

retrograde amnesia

Front 52

process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious

Back 52

repression

Front 53

recollection of an event, or the details of an event, that did not occur

Back 53

false memories

Front 54

the inability to form long term memories formed before the trauma are usually intact and short term memory is unaffected

Back 54

anterograde amnesia

Front 55

previous memorized items interfering with items one is currently to trying to memorize

Back 55

proactive interference

Front 56

the experience of knowing that a particular piece of information has been learned but being unable to retrieve it

Back 56

tip of the tongue phenomena

Front 57

learning in one long practice session without rest periods

Back 57

massed practice

Front 58

practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error

Back 58

overlearning