Ch 5 Motor Control Theories

Front 1

How do motor control theories differ?

Back 1

Motor control theories differ on
how the central and
environmental features of a
control system are viewed

Front 2

What is theory

Back 2

accurately describes a large class of observations

make definite predictions about results of future observations

Front 3

Theories of motor learning and control focus on

Back 3

– Explaining human behavior
– Providing explanations about why people perform
skills as they do
– Identifying variables through observations of
these performances

Front 4

The motor control theory

Back 4

describes and explains how the nervous
system produces coordinated movement of
motor skill in a variety of environments

Front 5

2 issues of importance in motor control theory

Back 5

coordination and degrees of freedom

Front 6

Coordination

Back 6

Body and/or head/limb movements relative to
environmental objects and events

Front 7

2 parts of coordination to consider:

Back 7

- movement pattern of a skill in relationship at a specific pt of time

context of the environment of the head, body, and/or limb mvmts so the actions can be accomplished

Front 8

Open loop control

Back 8

typically rapid mvmts
completed w/out immediate feedback
all info for mvmt is sent at once

Front 9

closed loop control

Back 9

-typically longer lasting mvmts
0feedback used to adjust mvmt and adapt to the skill/environment

Front 10

2 theories of motor control

Back 10

1. motor program-based theory
2. dynamic pattern theory

Front 11

Motor program-based theory

Back 11

theory of motor control that is a memory based construct that controls coordinated mvmt

Front 12

Dynamic pattern theory

Back 12

motor controol theory describing and explaining the control of coordinated mvmt emphasizin the role of the environment and properties of the body/limbs

Front 13

GMP

Back 13

composed of invariant features and parameters

Front 14

How do parameters and invariant features alter movement

Back 14

-invariant features are constant across movements
-parameters change to alter the movement

Front 15

2 common invariant feautures

Back 15

relative timing

relative force used

Front 16

parameters include

Back 16

overall duration
overall force
muscles and limbs used

Front 17

dynamic pattern theory parts

Back 17

multidisciplinary
nonlinear shifts in mvmt patterns
stability
attractors
collective variables
control parameters

Front 18

question to solve for the dynamic pattern theory

Back 18

to sho how a system changes over time due to the influence of a particular variable

Front 19

stability

Back 19

- a steady state of a behavioral system
-when the system is perturbed, it returns spontaneously to a stable state

Front 20

order parameters

Back 20

functionally specific variables that define the overall behavior of the system
-enable one to reproduce and distinguish a coordinated bpattern of mvmt

Front 21

relative phase

Back 21

most prominent order parameter
- reps the mvmt relationship bt 2 movement segments

Front 22

control parameter

Back 22

variable that when changed will influence the stability and quality of the order parameter

Front 23

the control parameter is important to identify bc

Back 23

it becomes the variable to manipulate to assess the stability of the order parameter

Front 24

theories of motor learning and control focus on

Back 24

explaining human movement behavior and provide explanations about why people perform skills as they do

Front 25

2 parts of coordination to consider

Back 25

mvmt pattern of a skill in relation to a specific pt of time
-context of the environment of the head, body, and/or limb mvmts so the actions can be accomplished

Front 26

degrees of freedom

Back 26

# of independent elements in a system and the ways each element can act

Front 27

degrees of freedom problem

Back 27

how to control the df to make a complex system act in a specific way

Front 28

degree of freedom problem for the control of movement

Back 28

hwo does the nervous system control the many df of muscles, limbs, and joints to enable to perform an action as intended

Front 29

2 theories of motor control

Back 29

motor program based theory: memory based mechanism that control coordinated movement

2. dynamic pattern theory: describes and explains coordinated mvmt control by emphasizing the role of information in the environment and the mechanical properties of the body and limbs

Front 30

Motor Program Based theory best example

Back 30

schema theory by schmidt
which is a generalized motor program-

Front 31

generalized motor program (GMP)

Back 31

hypothesized memory-based mechanism responsible for adaptive and flexibile qualities of human movements

Front 32

What did the Schema Theory/GMP motor program based theory proposed

Back 32

proposed that each gmp controls a class of actions that have common invariant characteristics

Front 33

GMP function in motor program based theory schema theory

Back 33

to serve as the basis for generating mvmt instructions prior to and during the performance of an action

Front 34

GMP characteristics

Back 34

1. invariant features
2. parameters

Front 35

invariant features

Back 35

characteristics of the GMP that don't vary across performances of a skillw/in class of actions

identifying signature of a GMP

Front 36

Parameters

Back 36

-specific movment features added to the invariant features to enable the performance of a skill in a specifica situation in a GMP
-these vary from one performance of a skill to another

Front 37

Ex of invariant feature

Back 37

relative time of the componenets of an action

ex. rhythm/beat of the music/waltz

Front 38

ex of a parameter

Back 38

overall time for performing a skill

the speed (how fast you waltz... but the invariant feature (rhythm) stays same)

Front 39

dynamic pattern thoery

Back 39

describes the control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of info in the environment and dynamic props of the body/limbs

Front 40

the dynamic pattern theory views the process of human motor control as

Back 40

a complex system that behaves like any complex biological or physical system

Front 41

attractors

Back 41

dynamic motor theory concept

-a state of the motor control system that leads to behavior according to preferred coordination patterns

Front 42

characteristics of an attractor

Back 42

- identified by order parameters (relative phase)
_control parameters (e.g., speed) influence order parameters
-minimum trial-to=trial performance variability
stability--retains present state despite perturbation
-energy efficient

Front 43

Order parameters

Back 43

- dynamic pattern theory concept
-aka collective variables
-functionally specific and abstract variables taht define the overall behavior of the system
0enable a coordinated pattern of mvmt that can be reproduced and distinguished from other patterns
-relative phase is the most prom of order paramenters which reps the mvmt relationship bt 2 mvmt segments

Front 44

control parameter

Back 44

-dynamic pattern theory concept
-a variable, when increased or decreased will influence the stability and character of the order parameter
-important to id since it becomes the variable to manipulate in order to assess the stability of the order parameter
-provides basis for determining attractor states for patterns of limb movement

Front 45

self organization

Back 45

- a dynamic pattern theory concept
-says that when certain conditions characterize a situation, a specific pattern of limb movement emerges
-this pattern of movement self-organized w/in the characteristic of environment conditions and limb dynamics