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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Integumentary System?
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Consists of the SKIN, HAIR, NAILS and GLANDS.
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What are the Functions of Integumentary System?
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Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Vitamin D Production, Excretion
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Why is Vitamin D Production important?
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When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D, an important regulator of calcium homeostasis.
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Small amounts of waste products are excreted through the _____ and _______.
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Skin and Glands.
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Describe the characteristics of the Epidermis
What kind of tissue is it? Vascular or Avascular |
"EPI' =upon. Thinner layer than the Dermis. Outside of skin made up of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Ephithelial Tissue. AVASCULAR. Only cell layer in the Epidermis that is "alive" is the Basal layer - only dividing layer |
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Describe the characteristics of the Dermis
What kind of tissue is it? Vascular or Avascular |
INSIDE of the skin, VASCULAR , made up mainly of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue. |
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What are the Cells of Epidermis?
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1) Keratinocytes,
2) Melanocytes 3) Dendritic (Langerhans) 4) Tactile (Merkel) |
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What are Keratinocytes?
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MAJORITY of the cells in the epidermis. Makes KERATIN
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What are Melanocytes?
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Epithelial cell that synthesizes (makes) MELANIN. Only found in lowest layer. Ghostly/whitish color
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What are Langerhans cells?
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Also known as DENDRITIC cells. Can be anywhere. Part of the immune system in the skin just in case a germ (bacteria/virus) gets in, will catch it and eat it.
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What are Merkel cells?
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Also known as TACTILE cells.Only found in lowest layer. Cells with nerve endings that give you 'light touch" Think feeling a Mosquito on you
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What is Keratinization?
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New cells move from the deeper layers to the surface. Dry, no nuclei (no black dot), hair in top layer
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Psoriasis
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Large scales of epidermal tissue are sloughed off.
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What is NON- Keratinized? |
Has a Nuclei (black dot) multiple layers. No hairs. |
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The many layers of cells in the epidermis are divided into regions known as ____________ |
STRATA
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Name the ACRONYM for the Layers of the Epidermis from OUTER TO INNER LAYERS? Deep layers to Surface? |
Outer to Inner: Carol likes great shag balls Deeper to Surface: Boncamp says good luck class |
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What is acronym for the layers of the EPIDERMIS? |
Deep to Surface: Boncamp Says Good Luck Class |
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Stratum Basale
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Basal Layer = Germinal Layer. Only layer that divides cuz only one that has access to blood. Single layer of cuboidal or columnal cells. Basement Membrane - structure underneath any epithelial tissue. |
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Stratum Spinosum
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"Prickly, Spiny" layer with most Keratinocytes & Melanin.
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Stratum Granulosum
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1-5 Layers of cells deteriorating Lamella granules (keratophalin granules)
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Straum Lucidum
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Present in thick skin like Palm of hands and soles of feet.
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Stratum Corneum
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Most superficial stratum of the epidermis; 25-30 layers of dead squamous cells (Keratin)
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How many Layers are there in the Epidermis? |
4 Normal Layers 5 Layers if the skin is from the Palms or Feet |
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How many Layers does the DERMIS have? Name them |
1) Papillary= Top part of dermis, thin, made up of areolar CT. "bumps, nipple" like layer 2) Dermal Papillae = "PEG" like projections, houses Meissner's corpuscle and pain receptors 3) Reticular Layer =Thicker, 80% of dermis, made up of Dense Irrg CT. |
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Papillary Layer
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Derives name from projections, called dermal papillae, that extend toward teh epidermis. The papillary layer is loose connective tissue with thin fibers that are somewhat loosely arranged. Also contains blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and aid in regulating body temperature. Form fingerprints and footprints.
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Reticular Layer
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Mat of collagen and elastic fibers; dense irregular connective tissue. Is the main fibrous layer of the dermis; strong in may directions; forms cleavage lines.
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Cleavage Lines
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Part of the Reticular Layer of the Dermis. They are separations between underlying collagen fibers.
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What is the Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)?
Also known as? |
Also called the SUPERFICIAL FASCIA. Not technically part of the skin, below the skin. Made up of adipose (FAT) and areolar (loose) connective tissue. |
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Melanin
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Provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun. Large amounts of melanin are found in freckles, moles. Pigment/protein that turns skin dark.
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Cyanosis
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Lack of oxygen makes skin look Pale Blue
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Carotene
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Orange pigment ingested and used as a source of vitamin A. When ingested in large amounts can be toxic and skin turns orange.
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Jaundice |
Skin looks YELLOWish due to high bilirubin levels. Common in babies |
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Stretch Marks
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If skin is overstretched, the dermis may rupture and leave lines that are visible through the epidermis. This scar tissue is called stretch marks.
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Subcutaneous Tissue
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The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, which attaches it to underlying bone and muscle and supplies it with blood vessels and nerves. Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The main types of cells are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages. NOT part of the skin, is sometimes called hypodermis. Function in the insulation and padding and as a source of energy.
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What are the layers in the HAIR called? What are they made up of? |
Made up of dead keratinized cells. There are 3 layers: Medulla = Inner most layer. Soft keratin Cortex = surrounds Medulla. Hard keratin Cuticle= outside layer. Hard keratin |
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How many types of HAIRS are there? Describe them |
2 Types:
Terminal Hair =Thick hair you can see, usually dark. Vellus Hairs = Short, fine, usually unpigmented hair - can't see them easily. Think face hair (pelusa) |
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Describe the Structure of a Hair Follicle |
Bulb - Base of the root Hair Root Plexus - below the skin Shaft - anything above the skin Hair Matrix - Arrector Pili Muscles - When contracted, they pull the follicle causing the hair to "stand up" - "Goose Bumps" squeezes sebaceous gland. |
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How is Hair Color determined?
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Melanocytes within the hair bulb matrix produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in the hair cortex and medulla. As with the skin, varying amounts and types of melanin cause different shades of hair color.
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What is HIRSUTISM? |
Too much hair, aka hairy back |
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What is ALOPECIA? |
Thinning or Boldness in some areas. Both men and women get it. |
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What is Male Pattern Boldness? |
Testosterone related. Need to look at Mom's Dad to see if guy will get this. |
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Nail
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Thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard keratin.
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Cuticle
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Also known as EPONYCHIUM - stops germs from getting into finger/body. |
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Nail Matrix
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Where cells actually grown from. If damage nail matrix nail will not grow back right. |
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Lunula
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Small part of the nail matrix, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail. 1/2 moon on thumbs.
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What kind of GLANDS are there? |
Sudoriferous - sweat glands. Keep body cool Sebaceous - oil glands - always associated with hair cuz they make sebum |
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What kind of Sudoriferous glands are there? |
Merocrine (Eccrine) sweat glands. Most glands are these. Found in palms & soles of feet, forehead Apocrine - Sweat glands- arm pits, areola, groin |
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What is another name for Sweat Glands?
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Sudoriferous glands
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Eccrine Sweat Glands
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Sudoriferous glands Most common type of sweat gland. They open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores. Help regulate temperature.
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
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Sudoriferous glands found in the axillae and genitalia (scrotum and labia majora) and around the anus. They do not help regulate temperature in humans. Become active at puberty as a result of sex hormones. Causes body odor.
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What is a Ceruminous Gland?
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Apocrine sweat glands located in the EAR CANAL (external auditory canal). Produces cerumen, or earwax
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What kind of GLANDS are Mammary Glands?
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APOCRINE sweat glands located in the breasts. Men also have them.
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Sebaceous Glands
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OIL glands, located in the dermis, EXOCRINE glands produce sebum. Classified as holocrine glands.
ALWAYS associated with hair, found in hair/ face - Not found in Palms & soles of Feet. |
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Sebum
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Oily, white substance rich in lipids. Protects HAIR from cracking
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What are the 6 main functions of Glands? |
1. Protection 2) Temperature Control 3) Cutaneous Sensation 4) Metabolic functions 5) Blood reservoir 6) Excretion |
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What are the signs of INFLAMMATION? |
Redness, Swelling, Pain, Loss of Function, Heat |
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What is GRANULATIONS? |
Baby pink tissue under scab |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
MOST COMMON type of skin cancer appears in sun exposed areas |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
Pretty common, appears in sun exposed areas, usually "rough" feeling skin. Metastisizes faster than Basal Cell Carcinoma. takes 5-1 yrs |
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MELANOMA |
Tumor of Melanocyte, DARK pigment. Spreads super fast, can go deep to the bone or cartilage. Can be Fetal |
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What are the 5 factors to LOOK when analyzing something on the skin? |
1. ASYMMETRY 2. BORDER IRREGULARITY 3. COLOR - DARK is bad 4. DIAMETER - bigger than pencil eraser 5. ELEVATION - feels rough and scratchy |
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Describe BURN classifications 1st - 4th degree |
1st - Goes thru EPIDERMIS, NO Blisters 2nd - Blisters filled with liquid -goes thru dermis 3rd - Painfully, might need skin graft 4th - FATAL |
