Ch. 4: Tissue - The Living Fabric

Front 1

groups of cells similar in structure and function

Back 1

tissues

Front 2

What are the four types of tissues?

Back 2

epithelial

connective

muscle

nerve

Front 3

What are the six characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 3

1. cellularity: composed almost entirely of cells

2. special contacts: form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes

3. polarity: apical and basal surfaces

4. supported by connective tissue

5. avascular but innervated

6. regenerative: rapidly replaces lost cells

Front 4

one layer of epithelial tissue

Back 4

simple

Front 5

multiple layers of epithelial tissue

Back 5

stratified

Front 6

What are the three classification of epithelial tissue based on shape?

Back 6

squamous (flat)

cuboidal (square-like)

columnar (elongated)

Front 7

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

Back 7

simple squamous epithelium

Front 8

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Back 8

diffusion and filtration

provide a slick, driction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

Front 9

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

Back 9

kidney glomeruli, lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae, air sacs of lungs

Front 10

single layer of cube-like cells with a large, spherical central nuclei

Back 10

simple cubiodal epithelium

Front 11

What is the function of simple cubiodal epithelium?

Back 11

secretion and absorption

Front 12

Where would you find simple cubiodal epithelium?

Back 12

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

Front 13

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia and goblet cells

Back 13

simple columnar epithelium

Front 14

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

Back 14

absorption and secretion (mucus and enzymes)

ciliated version helps move substances through internal passageways

Front 15

Where woud you find simple columnar epithelium?

Back 15

nonciliated type lines digestive tract and gallbladder

ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine, tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Front 16

single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface; nuclei are seen at different layers; may contain cilia or goblet cells

Back 16

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 17

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 17

secretion (mucus)

propulsion of mucus

Front 18

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 18

male-sperm carrying ducts (nonciliated) and the trachea (ciliated)

Front 19

thick membrane composed of several layers of cells

Back 19

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 20

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 20

protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

Front 21

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 21

external part of the skin's epidermis (keratinized cells), linings of the esophagus and mouth(nonkeratinized cells), linings of the vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Front 22

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 22

sweat and mammary glands

Front 23

What is special about stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 23

its rare, typically only two cell layers thick

Front 24

What is special about stratified columnar epithelium?

Back 24

limited distribution in the body, occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

Front 25

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 25

pharynx, male urethra, and lining of some glandular ducts

Front 26

several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome-shaped

Back 26

transitional epithelium

Front 27

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

Back 27

it stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder

Front 28

Where can you find transitional epithelium?

Back 28

lining the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

Front 29

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

Back 29

gland

Front 30

What are the two ways glands are classified?

Back 30

endocrine or exocrine

unicellular or multicellular

Front 31

ductless glands that produce hormones and secrete them into the blood stream

Back 31

endocrine glands

Front 32

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Back 32

amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids

Front 33

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

Back 33

exocrine glands

Front 34

What do exocrine glands secrete?

Back 34

mucous, sweat, oil, saliva

Front 35

an important unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucus

Back 35

goblet cell

Front 36

What are multicellular exocrine glands composed of?

Back 36

a duct and a secratory unit

Front 37

What are the two ways that multicellular exocrine glands are classified?

Back 37

simple or compound duct type

structure of their secretory units: tubular (branched/unbranched), alveolar (branched/unbranched), tubuloalveolar

Front 38

when products are secreted by exocytosis; no loss of cellular material (sweat gland)

Back 38

merocrine

Front 39

when products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells; entire cell is shed (sebaceous gland)

Back 39

holocrine

Front 40

What are the four types of connective tissue?

Back 40

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

Front 41

What is the common origin of all connective tissue?

Back 41

mesenchyme

Front 42

What are the four functions of connective tissue?

Back 42

1. binding and support

2. protection

3. insulation

4. transportation

Front 43

All connective tissues have....?

Back 43

1. varying degrees of vascularity

2. nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers

Front 44

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?

Back 44

collagen, elastic, reticular

Front 45

functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

Back 45

ground substance

Front 46

What two molecules can be found in ground substances?

Back 46

adhesion proteins (fibronectin and laminin)

proteoglycans

Front 47

tough fiber; provides high tensile strength

Back 47

collagen

Front 48

long, thin fibers that allow for stretch

Back 48

elastic

Front 49

branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks

Back 49

reticular

Front 50

Which cells are associated with connective tissue proper?

Back 50

fibroblasts

Front 51

Which cells are associated with cartilage?

Back 51

chondroblasts

Front 52

Which cells are associated with bone?

Back 52

osteoblasts

Front 53

Which cells are associated with blood?

Back 53

hematopoietic stem cells

Front 54

gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers; widely distributed throughout body

Back 54

areolar connective tissue

Front 55

What is the role of areolar connective tissue?

Back 55

wraps and cushions organs

Front 56

matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely pack adipocytes

Back 56

adipose connective tissue

Front 57

What is the function of adipose connective tissue?

Back 57

reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects

Front 58

loose ground substance with reticular fibers; reticular cells lie in a fiber network

Back 58

reticular connective tissue

Front 59

What is the role of reticular connective tissue?

Back 59

forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types

Front 60

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

Back 60

lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen

Front 61

parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

Back 61

dense regular connective tissue

Front 62

What is the role of dense regular connective tissue?

Back 62

makes up tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Front 63

irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblasts

Back 63

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 64

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 64

withstands tension in many directions, providing structural strength

Front 65

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

Back 65

dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ/joint capsules

Front 66

amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers

Back 66

hyaline cartilage

Front 67

The chondrocytes of byline cartilage lie in ______.

Back 67

lacunae

Front 68

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Back 68

supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression

Front 69

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

Back 69

costal cartilage, ends of long bones, trachea, and larynx

Front 70

similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers

Back 70

elastic cartilage

Front 71

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Back 71

maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility

Front 72

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

Back 72

external ear, epiglottis

Front 73

matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers

Back 73

fibrocartilage

Front 74

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Back 74

provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock

Front 75

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

Back 75

intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint

Front 76

hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers; osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized

Back 76

bone

Front 77

What is the function of bone?

Back 77

supports, protects, provides levers for muscular action

stores calcium, minerals, and fat

site of hematopoiesis

Front 78

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Back 78

blood

Front 79

What is the function of blood?

Back 79

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

Front 80

branched neurons with long cellular processes and support cells

Back 80

nervous tissue

Front 81

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

Back 81

skeletal muscle

Front 82

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Back 82

initiates and controls voluntary movement

Front 83

branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs

Back 83

cardiac muscle

Front 84

sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations

Back 84

smooth muscle

Front 85

membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior

Back 85

mucous

Front 86

membrane found in closed ventral body cavity

Back 86

serous membrane

Front 87

Nerve tissue arises from ________:

a. ectoderm

b. mesoderm

c. endoderm

d. all three

Back 87

a. ectoderm

Front 88

Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium arise from ________:

a. ectoderm

b. mesoderm

c. endoderm

d. all three

Back 88

b. mesoderm

Front 89

Most mucosae arise from ________:

a. ectoderm

b. mesoderm

c. endoderm

d. all three

Back 89

c. endoderm

Front 90

Epithelial tissues arise from ________:

a. ectoderm

b. mesoderm

c. endoderm

d. all three

Back 90

d. all three

Front 91

part of the cell pinches off (mammary gland)

Back 91

mammary gland