Ch. 3 Psy Human Development

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Developmental Psychology

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Study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death.

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Heredity

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"Nature", refers to genetic transmission of genes from parent to offspring; gives us a variety of potentials and limitations; fun some genes are defective they cause genetic disorders

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Genome

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The nucleus of every cell has DNA the order of these molecules acts as a code for genetic information

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Chromosomes

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46; have coded instructions of heredity, 23 from both the mother and the father

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Gene

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Small segments of DNA that affects particular process or personal characteristics

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Dominant gene

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Controls a feature appears every time that gene is present

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Recessive gene

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Must be paired to second recessive before effects are expressed

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Polygenic characteristics

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Controlled by many genes

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Epigenetics

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Transmit genetic blueprint encoded in the genome; can intensify or weaken effects on genes and switch them on and off

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Maturation

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Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system

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Environment

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"nurture" refers to sum of all external conditions that affect a person

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Congenital problems

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Birth defects

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Teratogen

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Anything capable of disturbing normal developmental in the womb

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Most common cause for birth defects

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Heavy drinking

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Grasping reflex

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Many infants can hang from a raised bar; survival for fall

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Rooting reflex

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Head turning and nursing

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Sucking reflex

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Rhythmic nursing

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Moro reflex

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If startled or position change abruptly will make a hugging motion

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Learning in babies

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Fewer dendrites and synapses, highly plastic - capable of being altered by experience, learning environment shapes the brain

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Cephalocandal

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Muscular control pattern from head to toe

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Proximodistal

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Muscular control pattern spreads from center of the body to extremities

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Readiness

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Advanced maturation to allow rapid acquisition of a particular skill

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Sensitive period

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Increase sensitivity to environmental influences

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Deprivation

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Refers to the lack of normal nutrition, stimulation, comfort, or love

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Enrichment

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Environment is deliberately made more stimulating, loving, Ext

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Intellectual and emotional deprivation occurs and poverty in which two ways

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Not able to provide nutrition, healthcare, learning materias; marriage problems, less positive parenting, poor relationships

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Temperament

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Physical core of personality, emotional and perceptual sensitivity, energy levels, typical mood, ext

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Easy, difficult, slow to warm up children

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Easy children - 40%, relaxed and agreeable. Difficult children - 10%, moody, intense, easily angered. Slow to warm up children - 15%, shy, restrained

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Developmental level

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Individual's current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development

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Three factors that affect human development

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Heredity, environment, own behavior

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Social smile

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Elected by social stimulus and seeing parents face

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At what age do babies recognize themselves in the mirror?

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18 months; complex emotion of embarrassment

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Affectional needs

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Emotional need for love and affection

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Emotional attachments

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Close emotional bond that infants form with their parents, caregivers, or others

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Social development

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Development of self-awareness, attachment to parents or caregivers, and relationships with others

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Surrogate mother

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Substitute mothers, infants will choose natural mother

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Contact comfort

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Attachment begins with this; a pleasant reassuring feeling that infants get from touching something soft and warm, like mother

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Stages of babies attachment

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First few months - respond to everyone equally, 2 to 3 months - prefer mother, 7 months - truly attached to their mothers, then other people

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Separation anxiety

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Distress displayed when away from parents or caregivers, one out of twenty suffers separation anxiety disorder

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Secure attachment

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Stable and positive emotional bond

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Insecure - avoidant attachment

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An anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with parent or caregiver

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Insecure - ambivalent attachment

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Anxious emotional bond mark by both desire to be with parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited

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Promoting secure attachment

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Accepted and sensitive to baby's signals and rhythms; warm family atmosphere

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Daycare

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High quality - does not interfere affect attachment can improve mental and social skills; improve cognitive language ability, better relationships, fewer behavioral problems

Low quality - can do the reverse

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Parenting styles

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Identifiable pattern of parental caretaking and interaction with children; three types: authoritarian, overly permissive, authoritative

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Authoritarian parent

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Enforce rigid rules and demands strict obedience to authority; view children with few rights with responsibilities; often use power assertion or withdrawal of love as discipline

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Power assertion

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Discipline, physical punishment or show force by taking away toys or privileges, children's emotions related to fear, hatred, lack of creativity, spontaneity and warmth

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Withdrawal of love

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Discipline; withholding affection, refused, threatened, reject, unloving to the child; causes low selfesteem, emotionally stiff, withdrawn, and dependent on approval

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Self esteem

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Regarding oneself is worth wild; a positive evaluation of oneself

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Overly permissive parent

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Gives little guidance, allows too much freedom, or child not required responsibilities; they become dependent, immature, and misbehave; creates artificial high self-esteem and sense of entitlement

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Authoritative parent

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Firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection; they use management techniques; causes resilient, self-controll, independence, management of emotions in children

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Management techniques

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Combines praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to enforce child discipline

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Maternal influences

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All psychological effects a mother has; has a greater impact, speaks to them more, takes care of them on a daily basis

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Paternal influences

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All psychological effects of a father on a child, more likely to play and tell stories, pay more visual attention to babies than mothers

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Together maternal and paternal influences do what?

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Play a major role of gender development

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Biological predisposition

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Presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as to use language or a readiness to behave in a particular way

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Signals

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In early language development, behaviors such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling that allow non verbal interaction and turn taking between parent and child

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Motherese

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Pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher pitched voice, short simple sentences, repetition, slower speeds, and its exaggerated voice inflections; has music quality; helps teach baby language

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assimilation

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Application of existing mental patterns to new situations, existing knowledge structure

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Accommodation

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Modification of existing mental patterns to fit new demands

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Piaget's sensorimotor stage

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0 - 2 years old, stage of intelligence development during which sensory input and motor responses become coordinated

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Object permanence

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Sensorimotor stage common concept gain in infancy which objects continue to exist even when hidden

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Piaget's preoperational stage

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2 - 7 years old, period of intellectual development during which children begin to use language and think symbolically, remain intuitive and egocentric in thought

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Transformations

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Mental ability to change the space or form of a substance and to perceive that its volume remains the same

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Intuitive. Thought

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Thinking that makes little or no sense of reasoning and logic, 7 years old called the age of reason

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Egocentric thought

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So that is self centered and fails to consider the viewpoints of others

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Concrete operational stage

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7 - 11 years old, period of intellectual development during which children become able to use the concept of time, space, volume, and number but in ways that remain simplified and concrete rather than abstract

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Conservation

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Master of the concept that the weight, mass, and volume of matter remain unchanged, even when the shape of appearance of objects change

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Formal operational stage

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Characterized by thinking that includes abstract theoretical and hypothetical ideas; self-reflective

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Piaget's today

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Valuable road map for understanding how children think

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Theory of mind

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Understanding that people have mental state such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions and that other people's mental states can be different from own, age 4

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zone of proximal development

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Range of tasks that a child can not yet master alone, but that he or she can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner

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Scaffolding

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Process of adjusting instructions so that it is responsive to a beginner's behavior and supports the beginners effort to understand a problem or gain a mental skill

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Developmental milestones

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Notable events, markers, or turning points and personal development

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Developmental tasks

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Skills that must be mastered or personal changes that must take place for optimal development

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Psychosocial dilemma

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Conflict between personal impulses and the social world

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Erikson's stage 1: first year of life

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Completely dependent on others; trust or mistrust - conflict about learning to trust others and the world

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Erikson's stage 2: 1 - 3 years old

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Autonomy or shame and doubt - conflict created when growing self control is pitted against feeling of shame or doubt

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Erikson's stage 3: 3 - 5 years

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Initiative or guilt- learning to take initiative overcoming feelings of guilt about doing

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Erikson's stage 4: 6 - 12 years old

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Industry vs. inferiority- conflict in middle childhood and centered around lack of support from industrious behavior can result an inferiority feeling

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Erikson's stage 5: adolescence

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Identity or role confusion - conflict of adolescence involving need to establish a personal identity

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Erickson stage 6: young adulthood

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Intimacy or isolation - challenge of overcoming a sense of isolation by establishing intimacy with others

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Erikson's stage 7: middle adulthood

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Generativity or stagnation - conflict with self interest is countered by an interest in guiding the next generation

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Erikson's stage 8: late adulthood

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Integrity or despair - conflict between feelings of integrity and the despair of viewing previous life events with regret

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Adolescence

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Culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood, identity and moral values come into focus

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Puberty

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Hormonal change promotes rapid physical growth and sexual maturity capable of reproduction

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Emerging adulthood

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Socially accepted period of extended adolescence that is common, unstable in between self-focus period of time to explore identities and life possibilities

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Moral development

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Development of values that along with appropriate emotions and cognitions guides responsible behavior

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Preconventional moral reasoning

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Based on the consequences of one's actions or choices , punishment, reward, and exchange of for favors; young children and delinquents

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Post conventional moral reasoning

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Based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values, high value on justice, dignity, and equality

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Middle and late adulthood

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Middle age 35 to 64 later adults 65 and older; health, career, marriage, children, and parents, midlife crisis

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Old age

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Physical aging complicates personal development, successful aging - optimism, hope

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Ageism

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Discrimination or prejudice based on age

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Fluid intelligence

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Abilities requiring speed or rapid learning

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Crystallized intelligence

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Abilities involving already learned knowledge and skills

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Thanatologist

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Someone who studies death, emotional and behavioral reactions to death and dying

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Five basic emotional reactions to death

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1 denial and isolation, 2 anger, 3 bargaining, 4 depression, 5 acceptance

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Five basic emotional reactions to death

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1 denial and isolation, 2 anger, 3 bargaining, 4 depression, 5 acceptance