Ch. 3 Nutrition

Front 1

Peristalsis

Back 1

Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.

Front 2

Segmentation

Back 2

A periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular motion

Front 3

Reflux

Back 3

A backwards flow

Front 4

Digestive system

Back 4

All the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food

Front 5

Bolus

Back 5

A portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time.

Front 6

Chyme

Back 6

The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

Front 7

Digestion

Back 7

The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

Front 8

Absorption

Back 8

The uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Front 9

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 9

The digestive tract. The principal organs are the stomach and intestines.

Front 10

-ase

Back 10

Suffix denoting an enzyme.

Front 11

Digestive enzymes

Back 11

Proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds.

Front 12

Hydrolysis

Back 12

A chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules, with hydrogen added to one and hydroxyl group (OH) added to the other.

Front 13

Bicarbonate

Back 13

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice.

Front 14

Bile

Back 14

An emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.

Front 15

Emulsifier

Back 15

A substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution

Front 16

Gastric glands

Back 16

Exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

Front 17

Gastric juice

Back 17

The digestive secretion of the gastric glands of the stomach

Front 18

Glands

Back 18

Cells or groups of cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body.

Front 19

Hydrochloric acid

Back 19

An acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms that is normally produced by the gastric glands

Front 20

Liver

Back 20

The organ that manufactures bile, among many other functions

Front 21

Mucus

Back 21

A slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices.

Front 22

Pancreatic juice

Back 22

The exocrine secretion of the pancreas that contains both enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a nuetralizing agent.

Front 23

Saliva

Back 23

The secretion of the salivary glands. Its principal enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion

Front 24

Salivary glands

Back 24

Exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.

Front 25

Villi

Back 25

Fingerlike projections from the fold of the small intestine

Front 26

Microvilli

Back 26

Tiny, hairline projections on each cell of everybvillus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells.

Front 27

Crypts

Back 27

Tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secret intestinal juices into the small intestine

Front 28

Goblet cells

Back 28

Cells of the GI tract that secrete mucus

Front 29

Aorta

Back 29

The large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries

Front 30

Arteries

Back 30

Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues

Front 31

Capillaries

Back 31

Small vessels that branch from an artery.

Front 32

Veins

Back 32

Vessels that carry blood to the heart

Front 33

Hepatic portal vein

Back 33

The vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the liver.

Front 34

Hepatic vein

Back 34

The vein that collects blood from the liver and returns it to the heart

Front 35

Lymphatic system

Back 35

A loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart. The GI part of the lymphatic system carries the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream.

Front 36

Lymph

Back 36

A clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets.

Front 37

Thoracic duct

Back 37

The main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein.

Front 38

Subclavian vein

Back 38

The vein that provides passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system.

Front 39

Microbes

Back 39

Microscopically small organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Front 40

Human microbiome

Back 40

The collection of microbes found in or on the human body.

Front 41

Probiotics

Back 41

Food components that are not digested by the human body but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote their growth and activity

Front 42

Probiotics

Back 42

Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health.

Front 43

Homeostasis

Back 43

The maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body'scontrol systems.

Front 44

Hormones

Back 44

Chemical messengers

Front 45

Gastrin

Back 45

A hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall

Front 46

Secretin

Back 46

A hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall

Front 47

Cholecystokinin or CCK

Back 47

A hormone produced by cells of the intestinal wall

Front 48

Intestinal ischemia

Back 48

A diminished blood flow to the intestines that characterized by abdominal pain, forceful bowel movements, and blood in the stool.