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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the process by which food is borken down into absorbable units
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digestion
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the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph
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absorption
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the digestive tract. the principal organs are the stomach and intestines
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Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
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chews and mixes food with saliva
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mouth
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directs food from mouth to esophagus
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pharynx
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secrete saliva (contains starch-digesting enzymes)
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salivary glands
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protects airway during swallowing
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epiglottis
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allows air to pass to and from lungs
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trachea
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passes food from the mouth to the stomach
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esophagus
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allow passage from mouth to esophagus and from esophagus to stomach; prevent backflow from stomach to esophagus and from esophagus to mouth
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esophageal spincters
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adds acid, enzymes, and fluid; churns, mixes, and grindsfood to a liquid mass
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stomach
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allows passage from stomach to small intestine; prevents backflow from small intestine
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pyloric sphincter
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manufactures bile salts, detergent-like substances, to help digest fats
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liver
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stores bile until needed
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gallbladder
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conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
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bile duct
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stores lymph cells
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appendix
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secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yeilding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles; cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood and lymph
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small intestine
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allows passage from small to large intestine; prevents backflow from large intestine
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ileocecal valve (sphincter)
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manufactures enzymes to digest all energy yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine
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pancreas
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conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine
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pancreatic duct
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reabsorbs water and minerals; passes waste (fiber, bacteria, and unabsorbed nutrients) along with water the rectum
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large intestine (colon)
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stores waste prior to elimination
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rectum
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holds rectum closed; opens to allow elimination
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anus
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a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time
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bolus
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the semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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chyme
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wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along
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peristalsis
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a periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles
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segmentation
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a backward flow
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reflux
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a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process
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catalyst
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the unit of measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity
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PH
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proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds
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digestive enzymes
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cells or groups if cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body
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glands
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exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth
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salivary glands
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the secretion of the salivary glands
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saliva
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exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach
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gastric glands
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the digestive secretion of the gastric glands of he stomach
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gastric juice
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an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms that is normally produced by the gastric glands
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hydrochloric acid
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a slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices.
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mucus
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the organ that manufactures bile
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liver
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an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed
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bile
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the exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent
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pancreatic juice
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an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice
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bicarbonate
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fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine
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villi
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tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells
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microvilli
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tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine
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crypts
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cells of the GI tract that secrete mucus
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goblet cells
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the large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries
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aorta
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vessels that carry blood form the heart to the tissues
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arteries
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small vessels that branch form an artery.
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capillaries
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vessels that carry blood to the heart
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veins
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the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver
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hepatic portal vein
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a loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluid toward the heart.
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lymphatic system
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a clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets.
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lymph
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the main lymphatic vessels that collect lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein
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thoracic duct
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the vein that provides passageway form the lymphatic system to the vascular system
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subclavian vein
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chemical messengers
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hormones
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a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall
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gastrin
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a hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall
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secretin
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