Ch. 19 Blood Vessels

Front 1

Delivery system that begins and ends at heart

Back 1

Blood vessels

Front 2

Arteries

Back 2

Carry blood away from the heart

Front 3

Capillaries

Back 3

Contact tissue cells that directly serve cellular needs

Front 4

Veins

Back 4

Carry blood towards the heart

Front 5

Central blood containing space in the blood vessels

Back 5

Lumen

Front 6

3 wall layers in blood vessels

Back 6

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica externa

Front 7

Capillaries have ____ with sparse basal lamina.

Back 7

Endothelium

Front 8

Tunica that contains the endothelium.

Back 8

Tunica intima

Front 9

Tunica media

Back 9

- smooth muscle and elastin

Front 10

Smooth muscle of Tunica media is regulated by _______. For what?

Back 10

Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers

to allow

Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation.

Front 11

Tunica externa

Back 11

-Collagen fibers (anchors)

-Contains nerve fibers & lymphatic vessels

- Vasa vasorum

Front 12

How do vessels vary?

Back 12

- length

- Diameter

- wall thickness

- tissue makeup

Front 13

The blood vessels of the blood vessels

Back 13

Vasa Vasorum

Front 14

When vascular smooth muscle contracts, what happens to the diameter of the blood vessel? what is this called?

Back 14

vasoconstriction

Front 15

Types of arteries

Back 15

1. Elastic arteries

2. muscular arteries

3. arterioles

Front 16

What are the elastic arteries?

Back 16

- large thick-walled arteries with large lumen

- contain elastin in all three tunics

- Aorta and its major branches

Front 17

T or F

Elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs

Back 17

True

smooth pressure downstream

Front 18

T or F

Elastic arteries are active in vasoconstriction.

Back 18

False, they can't because aorta feeds all of body.

Front 19

Muscular arteries

Back 19

- deliver blood to body organs

- thick Tunica intima with more smooth muscle

Front 20

T or F

Muscular arteries are active and vasoconstriction

Back 20

True

Front 21

Smallest arteries

Back 21

Arterioles

Front 22

Arterioles

Back 22

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Front 23

Microscopic blood vessels

Back 23

Capillaries

Front 24

cells that stabilize the capillary wall and help control capillary permeability

Back 24

Pericytes

Front 25

Most tissues have capillaries, except:

Back 25

Cartilage (avascular)

Epithelia

Cornea & lens of eye

Front 26

T or F

Capillaries provides direct access to almost every cell

Back 26

True

Front 27

Function of capillaries

Back 27

Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Front 28

Types of capillaries

Back 28

1. Continuous capillaries

2. Fenestrated capillaries

3. Sinusoid capillaries

Front 29

Capillaries abundant in skin and muscles

Back 29

Continuous capillaries

Front 30

Continuous capillaries are joined together by ______, which leave gaps called _____.

Back 30

Tight junctions

Intercellular cleft

Front 31

Continuous capillaries in the brain.

Back 31

Have complete tight junctions

That form the blood-brain barrier.

Front 32

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Back 32

In areas where active capillary Absorption or Filtrate formation occurs.

(Ex: kidneys, Intestines, Endocrine glands)

Front 33

Sinusoid capillaries characteristics.

Back 33

larger lumen

Fenestrated

Fewer tight junctions

Larger Intercellular clefts

Front 34

which capillaries has the most leakage ?

Back 34

Sinusoid capillaries

Front 35

Where can you find sinusoid capillaries

Back 35

Liver

Bone marrow

spleen

adrenal medulla

Front 36

Sinusoid capillaries have a lot of cells called_____.

Back 36

Macrophage

Front 37

Interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules

Back 37

Microcirculation

Front 38

Vascular shunt

Back 38

Directly connects terminal arterial and postcapillary venule

Front 39

True capillaries

Back 39

- Turn 10 - 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed

- branch off metarteriole or terminal arteriole

Front 40

Regulate blood flow into true capillaries. How?

Back 40

Precapillary sphincters

Through vascular shunt or into true capillaries

Front 41

Precapillary sphincters are regulated by what

Back 41

Local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves

Front 42

Venules characteristics

Back 42

-Very porous

-allow fluids and WBC into tissues

-endothelium

-few pericytes

Front 43

Veins are called _________, because they can hold up to 65% of blood supply.

Back 43

Capacitance vessels

Front 44

T or F

The blood pressure, in veins is higher than arteries.

Back 44

False, it's lower

Front 45

T or F

Adaptations ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure in veins.

Back 45

True

Front 46

Venous valves are most abundant in _____.

Back 46

Veins of limbs.

Front 47

Venous sinuses

Back 47

Flattened veins with extremely thin walls

(Ex: coronary sinus of heart)

Front 48

* Arterial anastomoses

Back 48

Interconnection of blood vessels which provides alternate pathways

Front 49

Where would you find arterial anastomoses?

Back 49

Joints

Abdominal organs

Brain

Heart

Front 50

T or F

arteries that supply the retina kidneys and spleen have arterial anastomoses.

Back 50

False

They do not have arterial anastomoses

Front 51

What is an example of arteriovenous anastomoses.

Back 51

vascular shunt of capillaries

Front 52

T or F

Venous anastomoses are very common

Back 52

True

Front 53

Volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period.

Back 53

Blood flow

Front 54

Blood pressure

Back 54

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

Front 55

Instrument used to take BP.

Back 55

* Sphygmomanometer

Front 56

Place in order:

___ elastic artery

___ Veins

___ venules

___ capillary

___ arterioles

___ muscular artery

Back 56

Heart

Elastic artery (aorta)

muscular artery

arterioles

capillary beds

venules

veins

Back to heart

Front 57

Peripheral resistance

Back 57

(Opposition of flow )

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls.

Front 58

Three sources of resistance in blood flow.

Back 58

- Blood viscosity

- total blood vessel length

- blood vessel diameter

Front 59

Is blood pressure increases then blood flow _____.

Back 59

Increases

Front 60

If resistance increases, then blood flow_____.

Back 60

Decreases

Front 61

generates blood flow

Back 61

Pumping of heart

Front 62

T or F

Blood pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance

Back 62

True

Front 63

Systemic pressure is highest in the ______, but drops steeply in the _______.

Back 63

Aorta

Arterioles

Front 64

Types of blood pressure

Back 64

Arterial

capillary

venous

Front 65

What 2 factors do Arterial blood pressure in arteries close to the heart reflect.?

Back 65

1. Elasticity

2. Volume of blood forced in them

Front 66

Blood pressure near the heart is _______.

Back 66

Pulsatile

Front 67

Pressure exerted in your to dream ventricular contraction.

Back 67

Systolic pressure

Front 68

Diastolic pressure

Back 68

Lowest level of aortic pressure

Front 69

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Back 69

Pulse pressure

Front 70

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 70

Pressure that propels blood to tissues

Front 71

______ and ________ both decline with increasing distance from heart.

Back 71

MAP

Pulse pressure

Front 72

Throbbing of arteries

Back 72

Pulse pressure

Front 73

What would happen to a capillary if the BP was high.

Back 73

High BP would rupture capillaries

Front 74

T or F

Venous blood pressure is very high due to resistance.

Back 74

False, BP is very low

Front 75

Factors that increase venous return

Back 75

1. muscular pump

2. respiratory pump

3. Venoconstriction

Front 76

Main factors that influence BP

Back 76

- Cardiac output (CO)

- peripheral resistance (PR)

- Blood volume

Front 77

What affects blood pressure?

Back 77

PR

blood volume

Co

Front 78

Short term control of blood pressure

Back 78

Neural and hormonal controls

How: counteract fluctations in BP by altering peripheral resistance and CO

Front 79

long term control of BP

Back 79

Altering blood volume

Ex: hydrated= more blood volume VS

Front 80

Neural controls operate via ____.

Back 80

Reflex arcs

Front 81

Locations of Baroreceptors

Back 81

- carotid sinuses

- Aortic arch

- walls of large arteries of neck and thorax.

Front 82

How do baroreceptors work if there's an increase in BP.

Back 82

- stimulate cardioinhibitory center

- increase input of vasomotor center for vasodilation

= decreased BP

Front 83

Detect abnormal BP

Back 83

Baroreceptors

Front 84

Decrease in Blood pressure is due to ...

Back 84

- arteriolar vasodilation

- venodilation

- decreased CO

Front 85

If MAP is low what happens?

Back 85

Reflex to vasoconstriction ➡

Increased CO➡

Increased BP

Front 86

T or F

Baroreceptors are never ineffective.

Back 86

False,

ineffective if altered BP sustained

Front 87

Detect increase in CO2 or drop in pH or 02

Back 87

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and large arteries of neck.

Front 88

How do chemoreceptor reflexes increase blood pressure?

Back 88

- Signal cardioaccelatory center (⤴CO)

- Signal vasomotor center (⤴vasoconstriction)

Front 89

T or F

The hypothalamus and cerebral cortex modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla.

Back 89

True

Front 90

Back 90

☺

Front 91

Hormonal controls of BP through adrenal glands.

Back 91

Release of epinephrine & norepinephrine

= vasoconstriction & increased CO

Front 92

Angiotensin II stimulates _____

Back 92

Vasoconstriction

Front 93

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cause a decreased blood volume?

Back 93

By antagonizing aldosterone

Front 94

2 ways kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure.

Back 94

1. Direct renal mechanism

(independent of hormones)

2. Indirect renal mechanism

( renin-angiotensin-aldosterone)

Front 95

Prolong hypertension leads to

Back 95

Heart failure

vascular disease

renal failure

stroke

Front 96

Secondary hypertension is caused by:

Back 96

- obstructed renal arteries

- kidney disease

- endocrine disorders (Cushing & hyperthyroidism)

Front 97

Low blood pressure

Back 97

Hypotension

Front 98

T or F

Acute hypertension is an important sign of circulatory shock that could be a threat for surgical patients.

Back 98

False, acute hypotension

Front 99

Hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison's disease or hypothyroidism

Back 99

Chronic hypotension

Front 100

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 100

Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting or reclining position

Front 101

High ADH levels cause _____.

Back 101

Vasoconstriction

Front 102

High ADH cause an increase in the number of ____.

Back 102

Aquaporins

Front 103

What hormone lowers blood pressure and how.?

Back 103

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Decreases blood volume by antagonizing aldosterone.

Front 104

If BP is high are we going to eliminate or retain water?

Back 104

Eliminate. And vs

Front 105

Back 105

Pic

Front 106

4 functions of angiotensin II

Back 106

1. Increases blood volume.

- stimulates aldosterone secretion

- causes ADH release

- triggers hypothalamic thirst center

4. causes vasoconstriction directly increasing BP

Front 107

The protein that converts angiotensin 1

Back 107

Renin **