Ch 17 Urinary System

Front 1

what does the urinary system remove from the blood

Back 1

certain salts and nitrogeneous wastes

Front 2

functions of urinary system

Back 2

maintain normal concentration of water and electrolytes in body fluids

regulates the pH and volume of body fluids and helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

Front 3

the urinary system consists of what and what is each parts function

Back 3

pair of kidneys- remove substances from blood and form urine and help regulate certain metabolic processes

pair of tubular ureters- transport urine from kidneys

urinary bladder-stores urine

tubular urethra- conveys urine to the outside of the body

Front 4

kidney

Back 4

reddish brown bean shaped organ with a smooth surface

12 centimeters long
6 centimeters wide
3 centimeters thick

enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule

Front 5

where are the kidneys located

Back 5

either side of the vertebral column in a depression high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

at twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertabrae

Front 6

the left kidney is usually ____________ centimeters higher than the right one

Back 6

1.5-2.0

Front 7

retroperitoneally

Back 7

behind the parietal peritoneum and against the deep muscles of the back

Front 8

what holds the kidneys in place

Back 8

connective tissue and masses of adipose tissue

Front 9

medial depression

Back 9

on kidney caused by the lateral surface of the kidney being convex and the medial side being concave

Front 10

the medial depression leads to a hollow chamber called a

Back 10

renal sinus

Front 11

the entrance to the renal sinus is the

Back 11

hilum

Front 12

the superior end of the ureter expands to form a funnel shaped sac called the

Back 12

renal pelvis

Front 13

major calyces

Back 13

pelvis divided into 2-3 tubes

turn into minor calyces

Front 14

renal papillae

Back 14

series of small elevations

project into the renal sinus wall

Front 15

renal medulla

Back 15

composed of conical masses of tissue called renal pyramids

appears striated

Front 16

renal cortex

Back 16

forms a shell around the medulla and dips into the medulla between renal pyramids forming renal columns

granular appearance

Front 17

what does the cortex have a granular apperance

Back 17

random organization of tiny tubles associated with nephrons

Front 18

what is the primary function of the kidneys

Back 18

help maintain homeostasis by regulating the composition and volume of extracellular fluid

Front 19

renal arteries

Back 19

arise from the abdominal aorta

supply blood to kidneys

carry 15-30% of total cardiac output to the kidneys

Front 20

interlobar arteries

Back 20

pass between the renal pyramids

renal artery goes through hilum and gives off to several branches

Front 21

arcuate arteries

Back 21

at the junction between the medulla and the cortex interlobar arteries branch forming these

Front 22

cortical radiate arteries ( interlobar arteries)

Back 22

come from the arcuate arteries

Front 23

afferent arterioles

Back 23

final branches of the cortical radiate arteries

lead to the nephrons

Front 24

renal vein

Back 24

joins the superior vena cava as it courses through the abdominal cavity

Front 25

how many nephrons does a kidney contain

Back 25

about one million

Front 26

renal corpuscle

Back 26

part of a nephron that consists of a glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Front 27

renal tubule

Back 27

part of the nephron that extends from the renal corpuscle to the collecting duct

Front 28

glomerulus

Back 28

tangled cluster of blood capillaries making up the renal corpuscle

Front 29

what is the first step in urine formation

Back 29

glomular capillaries

Front 30

glomerular capsule

Back 30

surrounds the glomerulus

receives fluid filtered at the glomerulus

Front 31

the _____________ leads away from glomemerular capsule and coils into a part of the proximal convuluted tubule

Back 31

renal tubule

Front 32

the proximal convuluted tubule dips toward the renal pelvis where it becomes the ___________

Back 32

descending limb of the nephron loop

loop of henle

Front 33

nephron structure

Back 33

proximal convuluted tubule
decending limb of the nephron loop
ascending limb of the nephron loop
distal convuluted tubule

Front 34

distal convuluted tubules from several nephrons merge in the renal cortex to form the

Back 34

collecting duct

Front 35

the resulting tube from the collection duct, empties into the _________ through an opening in the___________

Back 35

minor calyx
renal papilla

Front 36

cluster of capillaries that forms a glomerulus arises from an

Back 36

afferent arteriole

Front 37

after passing through the glomerular capillaries , blood enters a

Back 37

efferent arteriole

Front 38

peritubular capillary system

Back 38

freely interconnecting network of capillaries

surrounds renal tubule

low pressure

blood then enters the kidney through capillary network

Front 39

walls of the arterioles near their attachments to the glomerulus are large smooth muscles called

Back 39

juxtaglomerular cells

Front 40

packed epithelial cells of the distal tubule

Back 40

macula densa

Front 41

the cells of the macula densa make up the

Back 41

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 42

the juxtaglomerular apparatus has a role in

Back 42

renin secretion

Front 43

the process of urine formation begins with

Back 43

glomerular filtration

Front 44

the force of blood pressure promotes filtration at the

Back 44

capillaries

Front 45

most of the blood is reabsorbed by the blood stream through

Back 45

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 46

the first capillary bed in nephron filtration is

Back 46

glomerulus

Front 47

glomerular filtration produces about_______ liters of fluid

Back 47

180

Front 48

tubular reabsorption

Back 48

moves substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood within the peritubular capillaries

Front 49

tubular secretion

Back 49

moves substances from the blood within the peritubular capillary system into the renal tubule

Front 50

in tubular secretion substances are removed _________than filtration alone

Back 50

faster

Front 51

urine is created by

Back 51

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Front 52

following relationship determines the amount of any given substance excreted in the urine

Back 52

amount filtered at the glomerulus
- amount reabsorbed by the tubule
+ amount secreted by the tubule

= amount secreted in urine

Front 53

tiny openings in glomerular capillary walls

Back 53

fenestrae

Front 54

podocytes

Back 54

cover capillaries and help make them impermeable to plasma proteins

Front 55

afferent arterioles have diameters ________ than arterioles elsewhere in the body

Back 55

larger

Front 56

net filtration pressure

Back 56

net pressure forcing substances out of the glomerulus

Front 57

most commonly measured index of kidney function

Back 57

glomerular filtration rate

Front 58

glomerulonephritis

Back 58

capillaries are inflammed and become more permeable to proteins

Front 59

hypoproteinemia

Back 59

decreases plasma colloid osmotic pressure

tissue fluid moves into the capillaries and edema develops

Front 60

at rest kidneys recieve about _____ of the cardiac output

Back 60

25%

Front 61

in gfr for the nephrons of both kidneys is about

Back 61

125 milliliters per minute

180 liters or 45 gallons per minute

Front 62

juxtaglomerlular cells secrete renin in response to what 3 thing

Back 62

-special cells in the afferent arteriole sense a drop in blood pressure

-response to sympathetic stimulation

-macula densa senses decreased numbers of chloride , potassium and sodium

Front 63

renin acts with angoitensionogen to form

Back 63

angotension 1

Front 64

second enzyme angio tension converting enzyme quickly converts angiotension 1 to

Back 64

angiotension 2

Front 65

atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 65

heart secretes

increases sodium excretion

Front 66

in tubular reabsorption substances must cross the cellular membrane first facing the ________________and then across the cell membrane facing the ____________

Back 66

inside of the tubule
interstitial fluid

Front 67

perutubular capillary blood is under low pressure because

Back 67

it has passed through 2 arterioles

Front 68

urea

Back 68

by product of amino acid catabolism

Front 69

uric acid

Back 69

product of the metabolism of certain organic bases in nucleic acids

Front 70

how much urine produced per day

Back 70

0.6-2.5 liters

Front 71

urinary output per hour

Back 71

50-60milliliters

Front 72

output indication kidney failure

Back 72

less than 30 millimeters per hour

Front 73

three layers of ureter wall

Back 73

mucous coat-inner
muscular coat-middle layer
fibrous coat-outer layer connective tissue

Front 74

triangular area in floor of bladder

Back 74

trigone

Front 75

4 layers of urinary bladder wall

Back 75

inner-mucous coat
submucous-connective and elastic
muscular coat-coarse bundles smooth muscle fibers
serous coat-outer

Front 76

cystitis

Back 76

infammation of urinary bladder

Front 77

micturition

Back 77

process that expels urine from the urinary bladder

requires relaxation of the enternal urethral sphinctor

Front 78

where is the micturition reflux center

Back 78

in the spinal cord

Front 79

when does the bladder stimulate pain

Back 79

600 milliliters

Front 80

urge to urinate at

Back 80

150 milliters