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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Pulmonary ventilation |
Exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs |
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Phases of respiration |
Pulmonary ventilation, external exchange of gases, respiratory gas transport, and internal exchange of gases |
Phases |
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External exchange of gases |
Where gas is exchange at the cellular level, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sacs to be eliminated |
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Respiratory gas transport |
Gases are carried via the blood to and from the lungs and tissues |
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Internal exchange of gases |
Occurs at the tissue level when the blood carrying oxygen drops off and oxygen load to the oxygen starving tissues and picks up a load of carbon dioxide for elimination |
Tissue level |
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Pulmonary ventilation |
Inhalation and exhalation |
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Inhalation/ inspiration |
Active phase requiring a drawing in of air into the lungs, diaphragm contraction drops, external intercostals contract and elevate the rib cage |
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Exhalation / expiration |
Passive phase as air is expelled from the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and elevates, external intercostals relax and lowers the rib cage |
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Compliance |
Ease with which the lungs and thorax is expanded during inhalation |
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Tidal volumes (TV) |
The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath during normal breathing |
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the title volume |
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the tidal expiration |
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Residual volume (RV) |
The air left in the lungs after the most complete expiration |
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Vital capacity (VC) |
The total amount of exchangeable air VC = TV + IRV +ERV |
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Dead space volume |
Air that remains in the same respiratory tract and never makes it to the alveoli line |
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Gas exchange/ diffusion |
The movement of molecules from an area in which they are in higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Surfactant |
Reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and help makes the small air sacs in the lungs more stable. Prevents collapse by reducing the surface tension of the fluids that line the lungs and help to equalize the pressures between large and small air spaces |
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The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve |
Plots the proportion of hemoglobin and its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. It is an important tool for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen. |
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Factors that indicate how the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is affected |
Variation of the hydrogen ion concentration, effects of carbon dioxide, effects of 2-3 DPG, temperature, carbon monoxide, Effects of methemoglobinanemia, and fetal hemoglobin |
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Ventilation rate X (TV - Dead Space volume) |
Alveolar ventilation |
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Hyperventilation |
Deep and rapid respiration resulting in altered blood pH leaving to dizziness and tingling, increased respiratory rate without increase metabolism |
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Hypoventilation |
Insufficient amount of air entering the alveoli |
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Hyperpnea |
Increase respiratory rate and / or volume in response to increase metabolism |
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Tachypnea |
Rapid breathing; usually increase respiratory rate with depth |
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Dyspnea |
Difficulty breathing |
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Apnea |
Cessation of breathing |
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Cyanosis |
Bluish tinged skin |
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Hypoxia |
Lower than normal levels of oxygen |
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Hypoxemia |
Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood |
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Suffocation |
No breathing |
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Medulla oblongata |
Medullary rhythmicity center, extends throughout the larynx and are responsible for the depth of breathing by controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles |
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Pons |
Pontine respiratory group , responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing by integrating sensory information |
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Vocalization |
The movement of gas through the larynx, pharynx, and mouth allows humans to speak, or phonate |
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Temperature control |
Panting and dogs and some other animals provides a means of controlling body temperature. This physiological response is used as a cooling mechanism |
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Coughing and sneezing |
Irritation of nerves within the nasal passages of Airways. These responses causes air to be expelled forcefully from the trachea or nose, respectively. In this manner, irritants caught in the mucus which lines the respiratory tract are expelled or move to the mouth where they can be swallowed |
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Non respiratory functions |
Vocalization, temperature control, coughing/sneezing, and yawning |
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