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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major input to the area of the brain damaged during Phineas Gage's accident? What area was damaged? |
Limbic system inputs to orbitofrontal cortex
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What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex? What 4 areas of the limbic system does this output to? Hint: ACH^2 |
Orbitofrontal cortex serves as interface between mechanisms involved in automatic emotional responses and mechanisms involved in control of complex behaviors. It outputs to cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amydala |
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What are the 3 positive symptoms of schizophrenia? What is most likely the cause of these symptoms? |
1) Thought disorder 2) Hallucinations 3) Delusions This is caused by hyperactivity of the dopminergic synapses in the mesolimbic system |
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What is the definition of negative symptoms? What are the 3 negative symptoms of schizophrenia? What is most likely the cause of these symptoms? |
Negative symptoms involve a loss of emotional expressiveness and responsiveness 1) Poverty of speech 2) Social withdrawal 3) Echolalia Most likely caused by hypofrontality of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
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What 3 type of delusions do schizophrenics frequently suffer form? |
1) Control 2) Grandeur 3) Persecution |
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What are the 4 subtypes of schizophrenia that we need to know for this class? |
1) Undifferentiated 2) Catatonic 3) Paranoid 4) Disorganized |
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What is potentially the initial or transitional form of schizophrenia? How do we define this type of schizophrenia? Which form of schizophrenia sometimes involves violence? |
Undifferentiated type is the one that doesn't fit into any other category. Catatonic schizophrenics can sometimes be violent. |
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Define catatonic schizophrenia. What are the 2 phases? Describe the speech and motor symptoms of this type. |
This subtype involves disturbances in a person’s movement. Affected people may exhibit a dramatic reduction in activity. The 2 phases are stupor and frenzy There is imitation of speech and movements |
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What subtype of schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution and grandeur? What auditory symptoms are also seen? |
Paranoids sometime suffer auditory hallucinations |
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25% of schizophrenics will show _____/_____ remission. ___% will show mild/moderate symptoms the rest of their lives. ___% will develop severe/chronic symptoms and will never recover. The remaining 10% will ________ |
mild/moderate, 40%, 25%, suicide |
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Describe the epidemiology of schizophrenia, including risk, and differential (if any) risk across regions and cultures. When do most people start to exhibit schizophrenic symptoms? |
about 1% lifetime risk, common to all parts of the world and all cultures. Affects people as they reach reproductive age |
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What have twin studies taught us about the heritability of schizophrenia? |
Concordance rates are higher for identical than fraternal twins |
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What are the 3 symptom types of schizophrenia? What are their causes respectively? |
1) Positive - Dopamine disregulation 2) Negative - Abnormalities in the brain 3) Cognitive - Abnormalities in the brain |
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What are 3 cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia? |
1) Low psychomotor speed 2) Learning and memory deficits 3) Poor abstract thinking and problem solving |
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What is the relationship between incidence of schizophrenia in the offspring of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic monozygotic twins? Why is this? |
There is an equal likelihood of developing schizophrenia in the offspring of monozygotic twins regardless of if their parents were schizophrenic or not. This is probably because the environment is needed to trigger schizophrenia rather than just being genetic |
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What is the relationship between father's age and schizophrenia incidence? |
Your chances of being schizophrenic increase with your fathers age |
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Why is there a significant difference in schizophrenia incidence between monozygotic and dizygotic twins? |
Something about the placental environment predisposes the offspring to schizophrenia |
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What was the first effective antipsychotic agent? How does it work? Describe the site of action. What drugs can induce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. |
Chlorpramizine. This blocks pre-synaptic D2 autoreceptors. Stimulants that release dopamine can produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as cocaine and L-DOPA |
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Describe the dopamine activity of a schizophrenic compared to a healthy individual when exposed to a stimulant. How does this relate to concentrations of dopamine? |
Schizophrenics have greater released of dopamine compared to healthy individuals. There are increased numbers of D2 receptors. |
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Both Chlorpramizine and Clozapine are effective antipsychotics. What's the difference? |
Chlorpramizine blocks D2 autoreceptors and reduces positive symptoms Clozapine acts on D4 receptors in the Nucleus accumbens, reducing both positive AND negative symptoms |
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What are the 4 types of problems associated with antipsychotic medications? |
1) Autonomic problems 2) Skin-eye pigmentation 3) Breast development 4) Tardive dyskinesia |
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Name 2 neurological signs are evident in schizophrenia? |
1) Eye tracking problems 2) Catatonia |
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What 3 regions of the schizophrenic brain are abnormal? What cells are abnormal? |
1) Hypofrontality of the dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex 2) Medial temporal lobes 3) Media diencephalon There are abnormalities in the pyramidal neurons of the pre-frontal cortex |
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What are neuropils? What is their significance in schizophrenia?
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Neuropils are connections between cells. There is a significant reduction in interneuronal neuropil's of the prefrontal cortex |
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What are 4 causes of brain damage that contribute to schizophrenia? Include any relevant explanation for these causes. |
1) Birth Trauma 2) Viral infections during 2nd trimester as shown by the winter prevalence seasonality effect 3) Nutritional issues as shown by 4) Maternal stress compromising the immune system and leading to viral infection |
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Describe the seasonality effect |
Children born during the late winter and early spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia. This seasonality effect occurs in cities but not the countryside Seasonality effect may be related to the mother contracting a viral infection during the 2nd trimester of fetal development |
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Abuse of what illicit substance produces positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. How? |
PCP produces negative symptoms by decreases metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex. This hypofrontality prevents the prefrontal cortex's inhibition of the mesolimbic pathway, inevitably increasing secretion of dopamine by the nucleus accumbens |
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What are the 2 major affective disorders? |
Bipolar and unipolar depression |
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How long must a manic period last before it can be categorized as bipolar mania by the DSM? This manic period is also defined by having 3/4 symptoms of mania. What are those symptoms? |
Must last at least 1 week Symptoms = Inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, increased goal-oriented activity aka psychomotor agitation |
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What is needed to define Major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria? |
Negative emotions must persist for 2 weeks and there must be 4 or more physiological symptoms that also must persist for 2 weeks |
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What 2 neurophysiological changes do we see in those suffering from major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder? |
Hypoactivity of the subgenual medial prefrontal cortex Hyperactivity of subgenual ACC (anterior cingulate gyrus) |
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Describe the sleep patterns of depressive people? |
Depressed people don't enter as deep sleep and usually hover around sleep stage 1 and 2 |
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How do atyptical antipsychotics treat schizophrenia? |
They are partial agonists that increase dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex while reducing it in the mesolimbic system |
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What gene is involved in schizophrenia? What gene is involved in depression? |
Schizophrenia = DISC1 Depression = RORA |
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What class of anti depressants replaced MAOI's? |
Tricyclic anti depressants |
